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陈庆麟本贴所有图文，皆为原创。谢绝任何形式的转载。如有需要，请站短。 尼泊尔是一幅古怪的画。 雨季加都狭窄混乱的街道，泥泞不堪的地面，随处可见的神庙，满街的纱丽店，大大小小患着皮肤病的狗只……所有浓烈的色彩都堆砌在一起，冲撞着你的视觉。偏偏又因为作画人有着梵高那样的天赋，所以这画即使刺得人眼疼，却也另有一种动人心魄的魅力。* 本次出行线路：无锡-拉萨-樟木-加德满都-帕坦-巴克塔普尔-提米-奇特旺-博卡拉-加德满都-拉萨-无锡。6月23号出发，7月18号回到家，总计26天。 本来是准备在回来的时候走滇藏线的，但是电视里天天在播318线新都桥和雅江段因塌方断路的消息，就打消了这个念头。生命只有一次，安全第一。* 本次出行人员：本豆，本豆的无敌金牌搭档花花，小欣子，叔。三女一男。 其实四人组合是很好的，吃饭包车都经济实惠。唯一不好的是尼泊尔的旅馆撑死了只有三人间，出于安全考虑，我们一般都住在一起，每次叔独占一床，我们仨女的挤两张床，小欣子就只能睡在中间，叔叫她“填缝专家”，因此小欣子很恨叔，没事就跟他吵个小架。 关于叔，及叔的二三事叔其实了不起算个哥，但是因为队伍里有了小欣子这个九零后，哥就悲催地混成了叔。＊加都，凤凰。叔其实很绅士，不管做什么都让着仨娘们。有次我从外面进来，花花和小欣子一个洗澡一个唱歌，房间里蒸汽弥漫，我奇怪地问：“叔呢？”小欣子说：“在楼下大堂里呆坐着。”我上楼的时候是路过大堂的，但是我没有注意到叔。叔，其实我不是无视你，我是450度近视……之后，如果叔不在，我通常是这样问小欣子的：“你苦逼叔呢？”＊关于叔的脸小欣子有个同学，跟她男朋友打电话的时候，动不动就说：“小心我呼肿你的脸！”小欣子学给我们听，集体笑倒，以后，大家只要一不高兴，就扬言要呼肿对方的脸。某天，我无意中买到了一件很好看的衣服。兴冲冲地对叔说：“明天我要穿新衣服，你帮我多拍几张照片，要是拍不好，我就呼肿你的脸！”花在旁边幽幽地接一句：“那叔的脸一定是肿的。”＊某天，东措叔满脸郁闷地坐在床上，说，刚才给老婆的QQ发了个表情，老婆居然回他说“你好。”隔壁有个小哥要去墨脱。叔听了蠢蠢欲动，长吁短叹。我说：叔，还是早点回家吧，否则下次你老婆要 “请问你是哪位”了。＊总结：叔其实是个准好男人，大方豪气，从不和女同胞斤斤计较，热爱家庭，热爱宠物，虽然有时候细腻了点，比如喜欢看云卷云舒，喜欢听雨，喜欢拍小景，经常蹲在草丛和烂泥里（看贴童鞋敬请期待叔在以上俩场景里的照片）搞创作，但总的来说，叔是个堂堂正正的好男人。＊下面附上一张叔在库玛丽女神庙专心搞创作的照片。 **上一张全家福。依次为花猪，小欣子，豆猪，叔。 淡扯完，从头说起。 我记得去年上海-拉萨的火车是两天发一趟的，叔说，每天都发。于是我不确定了，让叔去打听下。打听下来的结果，是每天发。于是提前十天去买票。到了代售点，人说，京沪高铁马上要开通，上海铁路局所属范围内，7月1号之前的火车票一律只能提前5天发售。于是回家。到了限定的日子，起个大早去，居然一张卧铺都没有，想着先上车，拼着坐到西安，总能补到的吧，就先买了3张硬座。 结果等到那天，一上车我就问有没有卧铺补，答复是没有，到哪都补不到。因为这趟车的卧铺出售权，是交给站台的，列车没有资格出售……除非过了格尔木，可是等到了格尔木，还补个毛啊。貌似有不少同学以为俺是为了省钱才买的硬座，8是滴，47小时呢，楼主8是铁打滴，如果有卧铺，是不会自虐滴——特此说明。不要再同情和佩服俺了。俺坐到下车，腰都坐断了，铁老大、黄牛和旅行社以及所有炒火车票的人，祖宗八代都给俺问候到了。哦，对了，叔为了这三张鸟火车票，一共跑了三次，劳苦功高。出发前的准备有点琐碎。护照拍成照片存在邮箱里，以防出国后万一丢失或被偷；药物准备了易蒙停、咽立消、阿莫西林、万金油等，淘宝高原安集体涨价了，于是在掌柜的推荐下买了高原宁，结果是毛用没有，一路照样反得头昏眼花； 淘宝还买了《走遍全球尼泊尔》、《背包旅游英语》两本书，以及2个月前开始背英语，天天看美剧（虽然等出国后才发现，俺的英语水平等于文盲）；据说那边太阳很厉害，忍着心疼买了金瓶安耐晒（虽然后来发现这玩意不适合俺，用了脸上的皮掉了一层又一层，摸上去跟砂皮似的）；叔提前一个月就天天跟俺念叨，今天败了啥，明天又败了啥。俺帮他粗算了一下，人还没出去，2000大洋没了……花花比我们提前一天到拉萨，说好在东措帮我们定房。 火车上的47个小时生不如死，上去后先问有没有卧铺补，答复是没有，到哪都补不到。因为这趟车的卧铺出售权，是交给站台的，列车没有资格出售……除非过了格尔木，可是等到了格尔木，还补个毛啊。坐到后来，终于麻木。到拉萨后洗澡的时候才发现，屁股是麻的。 车上听歌，看小电影，小欣子和叔玩扑克，输的人贴纸条，小欣子的脸贴得跟个“公”字似的，她愤愤地说叔是千王…… 我则按照惯例，在过了格尔木之后开始高反，吐了两次，昏沉沉闭着眼装死。 无锡火车站。还好，人不是很多。到西安的时候，至少晚点了一个小时。车到兰州，我特地提着相机下去拍兰州烧饼。没有。只有兰州炸鸡。格尔木。盼望着，盼望着，岗秀到了，拉萨的脚步近了……东措的走廊。俺居然还是住在２０２，还是去年那张床……缘分啊！到了拉萨，我高反得象头死猪。很快我发现，不是我一个人反，连皮实得跟个铁蛋似的花花，这次也嚷不舒服，叔的高反也紧跟着来了，嘴唇紫得吓人，据他说，心跳达到了120。一直睡到下午，才提起精神，去大昭寺转了一圈。在拉萨的几天，就是胡乱混日子。和花花一起来的还有她朋友小天。小天虽然是第一次跟着花出远门，但天生是个麻大胆，都不用花领着，自己出去乱转。每天早上出门，不到晚上11点基本是不见人的。花开始还担心，后来就推测，丫一定是有人陪着玩，否则不可能在花主动要求陪她的情况下，一个人急急忙忙地出门去……于是，我管花叫“花尔摩斯”。花龙颜大悦，欣然接受了这一称呼。 *仓央嘉措的玛吉阿米。据说是装13的好地方，不过俺老人家不感兴趣，一次也没上去过。也就是在每次路过的时候，随便拍一张。大昭寺前磕长头的人们。今年的天气很诡异，拉萨的云层很厚，经常下雨。照片拍出来总是灰蒙蒙的，唯一的好处是不象往年那么干燥得让人难受。*大昭寺的金顶。广场。远一点，再来一张。在大街小巷里乱窜。这张照片，是叔帮俺拍的。走累了，闯进一家茶馆。酥油茶6元一壶。看到壶的大小后，我们一致认为，伙计收的是游客价。下午的小昭寺。进去转个圈。不要门票，当然，大殿门关着，你啥也看见。大殿。在大殿和外墙之间，还有一条夹道，供转经的人们围着殿堂转。小昭寺的这夹道算很宽的，还能放下一排转经筒。我后来又逛过几个小寺庙，那些夹道，都是又窄又暗的。早上的时候转经的人摩肩接踵，现在，只有三三两两的几个。我们也跟着转了一圈。 东措对面的木如寺。这个寺庙，经常被游客忽略，其实，那里面，还有一个印经院呢。 有个不大的殿堂，很安静。除了早上，这里几乎没有人来。从尼泊尔回国后，我在一天清晨重新造访了这里。很多信徒。这是木如寺旁边的下密院。也是除了早上，白天没什么人。小昭寺紧隔壁的次巴拉康寺，据说是拉萨人气最旺的小寺庙。真不是假的。清晨的时候，全是熙熙攘攘的人流，在昏暗的夹道里一圈一圈地转着，寺外桑烟缭绕，周围的小摊子，全是卖的和这个寺庙有关的东西。我买了一束花，也进去转了一圈。卖花的小摊。大的花束3元，小的2元。烟雾。次巴拉康寺大殿门上的彩色小
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张玉凤混在尼泊尔（第一天）2012年10月11日晴 和3000只羊一起过关各位看官，上回书说到，俺和天南海北的8个驴友拼车到了樟木，在希夏邦马峰下和北京来的林妹妹跳了一曲激情探戈。但是，这只队伍整体上显得有点沉闷，不符合哥哥我“融洽、快乐、有戏”的旅行宗旨，我计划到了樟木就独行，天马行空地干活。从定日到樟木，沿途5个军警检查站，看起来形势有点小紧张。但哥哥是有身份（证）的人啊（不仅有身份证，还有护照、边防证），哥面带微笑，神色自如，一般情况下穿制服的看一眼就放咱过去了。当然，有个小小的例外：过最后一道防线的时候，那个武警战士把别人都放过去了，唯独把俺的护照拿给他的长官看，长官又到里间去验证。不过，10分钟之后，他就微笑着把护照还给俺、放俺走了。后来俺想，可能是哥哥俺仪表堂堂、器宇轩昂，他把俺当成领导干部了。按规定，领导干部不能随便因私出境的，所以他要去验证一下哈。在樟木海关前下车，跟司机结了帐，正好中午12点。其他人往右走去兑换尼泊尔卢比，我打枪滴不要，悄悄滴溜掉，往左找饭馆吃饭。要了一份蛋炒饭，一个蔬菜汤，打发饥肠辘辘的“魏（胃）长官”。吃了一半，哗，门口呼啦啦来了一群山羊。不是一小群，是一大群哎，3000只的山羊大阵。大家都不吃饭了，纷纷出门看羊。饭店老板说，过几天就是尼泊尔的宰牲节了，几个尼泊尔人从中国贩了一批羊过境去卖个好价钱。后来我过友谊桥就是跟在这群羊后面进去的。哥认为，那是一种暗示。我在尼泊尔的13天，有4天跟羊打交道，就是布恩山徒步的四天，每天和羊争道。羊是一种温顺的动物，这是不是预示着我尼泊尔之行没有风险、一路平顺？闲言少叙，书归正传。我正在饭店门口看羊，那边厢山东小情侣过来了。他们说，大哥，我们正在找您呢。得，溜是溜不掉了，那几个人已经走过来了，我赶紧笑着说：来来来，先吃饭，吃完饭咱们一起过关。樟木人民币兑换尼币的汇率一天一变，昨天还是1比14.2呢，今天只有13.8了。不知加德满都汇率是多少，我先在这儿兑换1000块钱再说（后来到加都就后悔了，加都的汇率最高只有13.2）。过了友谊桥，早有人等着我们并领我们到尼泊尔公安局办理入境手续，后来才知道这是吉普车主，想让我们打他的吉普到加都。填了入境证，顺利上车，木有传说中的索要小费现象。书上的攻略都坑爹啊，我在尼泊尔13天，一个索要小费的公务人员都木有，你以为人家像你中国公务员呢，切。8个人租了一辆吉普，副驾坐一人（俺码子大，坐副驾），二排4人，三排3人。司机是个尼泊尔帅哥，长得像宝莱坞明星似的，一路跟女大学生小凌聊天。咱外语不行，咬紧牙关不讲话，任由小凌打点。说实话，樟木到加都的风景没什么特别的，和咱这山区农村一样。只是中途下车看了一会蹦极。偶麦噶的，这个咱不敢玩，看一会闪人。5个小时后，到达加都特米尔街区中国人开的凤凰宾馆。这下哥真要闪了。我跟他们说，我在这等朋友，你们别管我了。他们怏怏滴走了。那一刻，我还真的有点不忍心。山羊大阵过海关加都杜巴广场夜景嗐，尼泊尔人保护古迹的方式是在古迹上边卖菜加都街头一瞥更多精彩游记见QQ空间：391583130 混在尼泊尔（第二天） 2012年10月12日晴一个人出门去猴庙喝不到热水 找不到厕所今天睡了进藏以来第一个懒觉，8点才懒洋洋滴起床。尼泊尔时间8点可是北京时间10点15哦。起床后，去餐厅吃免费早餐，稀饭、馒头、咸菜，挺对胃口。自己冲了一杯从国内带过去的牛奶。又泡了一杯六安瓜片（无论到哪儿，我都带茶叶，这是我旅行中唯一的腐败，吃的倒不讲究），消消停停滴享受休闲时光。凤凰宾馆是加都中国人开的宾馆中名气最大的，老板姓江，老板娘姓龚，四川人。在加都几天，我没见到老板，都是老板娘龚姐在打理。我人品好，龚姐对我关照有加。那天傍晚，我们一行人到达之后，他们到前台问询，被告知木有房间了。我找了个凳子，低头记旅行日记。待他们走远，我上前询问，服务员看一眼龚姐，龚姐说：“有。给他安排东楼206”。哗，东楼206是个带阳台的大房间，同样700卢比，比其他房间好得多。谢谢龚姐。我决心在未来的几天里都在中餐厅消费，给您老人家架相。后来我要办尼泊尔CM卡，龚姐给我复印护照；我要加都地图，龚姐给我拿。都是免费的。今天我要去猴庙。猴庙就在加都边上，打车200卢比。下车就有小盆友过来主动兜揽生意，当小导游。我知道这是要小费的，不过看那小盆友聪明伶俐，乐得让他挽着我上山。那小盆友的名字很长，我也记不住，我就叫他“机灵”。机灵一路用英语给我讲解，我90%都听不懂。不过他给我照相，镜头感出奇的好，比后来我遇到的那些驴友好多了。售票处在半山腰，票价200卢比。买门票的时候，我给他300卢比，对他说：“One hundred, give you .”他不要，最后要了我5块钱人民币，加40卢比，合110卢比。这家伙挺会算计的哈。回程我是自己走回来的，但走着走着迷路了。我一路问路。“Ilostmyway ,pleasetellmethedirection to Thamel .” 加都街边的小贩，有的会几句英语，有的不会，好不容易遇到一个三轮车夫，英语讲得叽哩嘎啦的，可是俺听不懂。我估计，我听力差占30%，他口语不行占70%。我想给泡了茶叶的户外保温壶灌一点热水，跟一个咖啡店的姑娘比划了半天，她似乎听懂了，跑到自来水龙头前给我满满灌了一壶自来水。尼泊尔的生水不能喝，喝了要拉肚，我走到街角就倒掉了。可惜了我的好茶叶。我走走停停，忽然一阵内急，就去问一个卖羊毛披肩的小老板：“Wherearethetoilet ? ”他说：“Walk ,walk , up , second, left.”我照他说的：走，走，上去，二楼，左拐…擦，二楼封死了，根本上不去。回头跟他说，他不信，带我去，果然上不去。我那个急啊。后来他跟对面一个商店的老板说了，那老板让我在他店里的厕所解了燃眉之急。尼泊尔人真好啊，我连说几遍thankyouverymuch 。不知谁说的：不会外语，又不会死人。死人倒是不会，但是不方便啊，能把人憋疯。因为外语不好，当晚我还出了一个糗。晚上我到小店买洗发精，我比划着洗头的动作，女老板很快明白了，给我拿了四袋，便宜，一共才10卢比。洗头的时候我还奇怪怎么尼泊尔的洗发精不起泡沫呢，第二天戴上帽子，发觉帽子内圈一层油。请教懂行的人，才知道袋子里是头油。卧槽！话说回来，我外语很差，可是我很勇敢。我一路问路，突然眼前一亮——成片的庙宇豁然展现在我的眼前。原来我误闯到加都著名的杜巴广场来了。这不正是我计划中要重点游览的吗？我也不知道哪个是活女神庙，哪个是供湿婆罗的神殿，就那样边看边拍，在里面流连了几个小时。猴庙。我和小导游“机灵”庙里的女孩上猴庙山时遇到的中国妹纸，笑容干净灿烂。她在跟小贩砍价。 猴庙是俯瞰加都的最佳观景台，在这里，老外占99.5%，中国人只占0.5%。中午吃的就是这个，我叫它尼泊尔虾球、咖喱扁豆汤猴庙。鸽子与游客。猴庙，化缘的僧人混在尼泊尔（第三天）2012年10月13日晴巴德岗 色情木雕的大观园 昨晚，在酒店大堂里看见一个用手提电脑上网发博客的老小伙儿，聊了几句以后，才知道他就是大名鼎鼎的户外老驴、色驴“行摄匆匆”，人称“葱头”。好多到尼泊尔旅行的人都是看着他的帖子设计旅行线路的。我提议一起出去吃尼餐，和葱头一起从EBC徒步回来的美女说：“你如果打算未来几天去博卡拉徒步，现在就不要吃尼餐，因为徒步时天天吃尼餐，叫你吃得够够的。现在要抓紧时间吃中餐。”后来我和葱头在龚姐的中餐厅里喝酒（喝25块钱一瓶的劲酒，国内才卖10块），相谈甚欢。他给我介绍了很多布恩山徒步注意事项，对我几天后顺利走完小环线起到了大作用。昨天我独行迷路，深感自己外语不过关，于是决定跟着外语好的人在一起混，能混一天是一天。正愁没人捡我呢，早餐时邻桌一对小夫妻过来问我：“大哥今天去哪儿？”我说想去烧尸庙。他们问：“巴德岗去不去？要去我们拼一个车。”我说好啊。就这样被来自上海的大李、小雷夫妻俩捡了。他们俩一个在外企工作，一个在上海电视台外语频道当制片人，英语说得港港的。我正困着呢，枕头就来了，要不怎么说咱人品好涅。出旅馆的门又遇到三个中国人，也是去巴德岗，于是6个人打了两辆车，每人车费200，门票100。进了巴德岗景区大门，几个人就分头玩了，临走照了一张合影。一起到巴德岗的6个人古时候，尼泊尔有三个鼎足的国家：加都、巴德岗和帕坦，这三个国家的皇宫都在加德满都谷地里，相距不远。相比加都，巴德岗更加安适休闲，没有乱糟糟的行人吵嚷，也很少有呼啸的摩托车横冲直撞。我在巴德岗的杜巴广场慢慢欣赏，品味，有时候索性坐在咖啡馆门前喝喝茶，看人来人往。后来，我信步走入寻常巷陌，看尼泊尔妇女井台汲水，看孩童巷子里顽皮，看老人庙里沉思，感觉渐渐融入了尼泊尔的市井生活。纳加阔特，屋顶拍夕照，我和大李小雷大庙梁上的色情木雕。这里过去是皇宫，说明皇家贵族多糜烂。尼泊尔人民群众其实是非常保守的，他们把生殖崇拜放在心里。巴德岗。杜巴广场的美女。巴德岗的小巷里。井台。顽童老人不愿和我合影，嫌我不够帅街头，送momo的孩子我在一家店里吃momo（尼泊尔传统美食）其实就和包子差不多，多一盆咖喱汤巴德岗晒谷场 大李小雷的计划是今晚住巴德岗，因为巴德岗有很多幽静而有特色的guest house (客栈)，中古的氛围浓厚。而我的行程是看完巴德岗就去纳加阔特，住在纳加阔特山顶客栈，早上一边在床上吃早餐，一边推开窗户看连绵起伏的雪山。玩到下午3点，大李小雷给我打电话，说受到我的蛊惑，要和我一起去纳加阔特，于是我又跟他们混到了纳加阔特（打的，700卢比，三人AA）。纳加阔特 我们住的“新大象头旅馆”混在尼泊尔（第四天）2012年10月14日晴 Local bus 的拉风之旅 从巴德岗到纳加阔特山顶，必须打的。因为巴士只到山腰，走上去还挺费劲。打的到山顶最高的那家宾馆，我刚把摄影包放到沙发上歇口气，大李就挥手叫我们outside。原来是没房间了，看来这里房间还怪紧俏的。到了另一家，叫新大象头宾馆，有房间，两个间要50美金。大李跟boy叽哩嘎啦一通神侃，boy同意降到45美金。得，能住下就幸运，赶紧进房。后来我问小雷：你的英语也不怎么样吧，不然我怎么光看到大李在说话？他们俩相视一笑。大李说：“哥哥你有所不知，小雷这是锻炼我呢。她是电视台英语频道的记者，比我英语强得多。”原来这样啊。放下行李，洗把脸，出门到另一家宾馆的楼顶平台上拍晚霞。说实话，晚霞很一般，但山谷里的景色很美，拍摄的过程很有意思。我后来在布恩山徒步时看到的雪山远比在纳加阔特看到的大，但是在这儿我和大李小雷相处的过程是愉快的。我们萍水相逢，却亲切友善，互无芥蒂，很能谈得来。我还邀请小雷到淮南采访非遗火老虎呢。小雷爽快地答应了。晚饭是在二楼平台吃的，微风习习，令人神清气爽，我要了一个鸡肉炒面，一杯黑咖啡，和二人边吃边聊。我们谈了对尼泊尔和加都的观感。大李说，加都就像我们内地上个世纪70年代的小县城，又脏又乱，但是比县城大得多。小雷说，虽然城市不咋地，但是尼泊尔人民很友善，很温和，从来没有看到谁朝游客瞪眼睛，这样好的人民打着灯笼都难找。我说，为什么好多中国人把尼泊尔旅游作为出国旅行的first？一是因为尼泊尔从来不拒；二是因为尼泊尔消费低，来一趟不需要多少银子，你到美国旅行，每天花大把大把的美元，心里那个疼啊，快乐的感觉就被腰斩了；三是尼泊尔有最好、最成熟的徒步路线；四是尼泊尔人民温善友好，这是保证一路好心情的必要条件之一。大李问：“哥哥，如果有两个国家，一个是现代化的，比如美国，一个是落后但淳朴的，比如尼泊尔，你会选择在哪儿居住？”我说，富裕文明永远比落后蛮荒要好，尽管后者看起来返璞归真。原始社会最生态、最淳朴，有几个人想回到那样的生活呢？这顿饭，我学到了米饭叫rice，面条叫noodles，炒面叫fry noodles 。我很笨，可是我不拒绝学习，我利用各种机会不断丰富我的英语词汇，期待单飞的那一天。晚上，上不去wifi。我很寂寞。盆友们，我好想念你们。怀念被儿子拿走的那个屁股手机，那东西就是好，随时能抢到wifi。洗洗睡。一梦到早晨5点半，大李来喊我去拍日出。站在观景台上，面前是连绵起伏的雪山，安纳普纳，郎当，希夏邦马。但是离得很远，不是很清楚。吃早餐的时候，大李小雷说他们要徒步去昌古拉扬神庙，不急着回加都。我得一个人下山了。我说我去坐local bus （当地巴士），我要坐车顶。这时旁边位子上一群中国人中的一个小美女冒出了一句：“我也想坐local bus，我也想坐车顶。”瞧瞧，瞧瞧，我又被捡了。美女叫小林，北京人（呵呵，又是姓林的，又是北京人）。吃过饭，我们下山到巴士站，大李小雷因为要乘车到teikot，从teikot开始徒步，就陪我们坐一程。到了车站，小林跟驾驶员说我们要坐车顶，驾驶员说这段路太险，不行。我怏怏上车。到了teikot，大李小雷要下去徒步，小林说她也去徒步，我突然感到很无助，在开车的那个瞬间，一个箭步窜下去，加入到他们的徒步行列。后来我跟大李说，咱们还是有缘啊，你想甩都没甩掉我。大李说，你看到美女就想甩我们，结果还是被我们黏上了。我们捶胸揽肩，开怀大笑。徒步到昌古拉扬，2小时，强度极小，一路观尽加德满都山谷美景，在此不表。从昌古拉扬神庙回加都，我终于如愿以偿坐上了车顶。看到我兴高采烈攀上车顶了，大李心里痒痒得难受，在征得夫人同意后，和我一起猴攀到车顶拉风。哈哈！车顶上风好大，电线和树枝从头皮飕飕掠过，一不留神就会被“斩首”。车子歪歪倒倒，晃里晃荡，把我们紧张得手心出汗。北京小林，一路唧唧歪歪这疼那疼的小女子，关键时刻掉链子了，说感冒了，不能坐车顶。说实话，她也不适合坐车顶，太危险了。没有人提醒你注意电线什么的，安全全靠自己掌控。看当地人上下自如，如履平地，我们自叹弗如。一直到加都郊区，快见到警察岗亭了，我们才下来。 纳加阔特日出 晨曦中的纳加阔特山顶第一次坐local bus,我和尼泊尔小女孩站在一起徒步途中昌古拉扬神庙大殿，据说大门是镶金的巴士上，我和邻座的日本姐姐，她说她刚从珠峰东北坡徒步归来终于坐了回车顶，有点小紧张哎 混在尼泊尔（第五、六天） 2012年10月15、16日晴在费瓦湖上空飞翔：walk, walk…run ! 来博卡拉之前，我就打算留一点时间在费瓦湖发呆。我得思考一些问。不然就这样乐呵呵地傻玩，有点太浮躁了。思考于我，就像呼吸，停滞意味着死亡。那天清晨，我真的在费瓦湖边上坐了2个小时。湖水静静的，蓝的像是上帝留在人间的一块蓝宝石。谁也不认识我，没人来打搅我。在湖边的草地上，露水打湿了我的肩头和屁屁，我想了很多很多。我为什么出来旅行？就是来寻找快乐的吗？是，好像又不完全是。静下心来分析，在深沉的意识里，我其实是出来寻找两个坐：我在这个世界的坐，中华文化在这个世界的坐。出门旅行，我习惯带着地图——我得弄清我所在的位置，我未来要走向哪里。人生也是一次旅行，我也要清楚自己身在何处，意向何方？上帝派我来，让我受了这么多磨难，到底是要我干什么的？为了弄清楚这些，我得作一些比较——我要看看别的人是怎样生活的，看看落后国家的人怎样生活，也看看发达国家的人怎样生活。以此反照自己：我这样子生活是对的吗，我是否在浪费生命，我该在人生观、世界观、价值观上作哪些调整？我也在观察别国的文化，先进的，落后的，生机勃勃的，死水一潭的……我拿他们和中华文化相比较，明确中华文化的地位，预测中华文化的走向，并按照自己的意志对她的走向进行干预。尽管这种干预微不足道，但我心里要保持清醒，决不能活得含含糊糊，不明不白。我不是一个极限运动的挑战者，也不是一个探险家，我只是在寻找。因此我不做在死亡边缘走钢丝的游戏。我出来时，老娘交代又交代：我支持你旅行，但你不要冒险。你要知道，对于这个世界来说，你个人微不足道，但是对于我们家来说，你就是一切。我有过在死亡边缘挣扎的体验，那是一种“活着就好，其它神马都是浮云”的彻悟，那种感受我没有忘记，毋需再次体味。我谨记着老娘的叮咛，时时注意安全。从西藏开始，我不断遇到旅行牛人，有的从4月份就出来了，一直在印度、尼泊尔、西藏地区游荡。我好生羡慕。照我现在的节奏，一年才走2个国家，何年何月才能把这个世界走完？我好想一年有11.5个月在外面旅行啊。但我知道，我做不到这样。我有家，有爱，有欧派，不是无根的浮萍，随风飘荡。真正的流浪者，其实是不幸的，因为没有人牵挂，因为总会有倦鸟思归的时候，归来却空空的行囊。我还是做一个边工作边旅行的人吧，儿子、丈夫、父亲，领导、朋友、下属，这些角色我都要演好，“一个都不能少”。书归正传。15日离开加都，我坐了9个小时的tourest bus(观光巴士)到博卡拉。车票是在凤凰宾馆前台订的，550卢比。那天清晨，boy带我们走了8分钟街路来到巴士车站，走在我旁边的是个一声不吭的精壮汉子，他就是一句外语不会也敢闯天下的辽宁老李。从这天起，哥哥我开始捡人了。在车上，老李坐在我旁边，和我叙了一路。据他说，他是辽宁一个市的公务员，单位二把手。过去，因为天天接送女儿上学，在家宅了好多年。去年，女儿上大学走了，他才抽出时间出去玩儿，先是学摄影，后来又爱上了登山徒步。他的梦想，是今年走ABC,明年走EBC，后年再走一个比EBC更大的环线。呵呵，老李跟尼泊尔雪山较上劲了。搞笑的老李，把QQ说成“球球”，把奥迪Q5说成是“四环求5”。更让人大跌眼镜的是，他居然一句外语不会讲就闯荡到尼泊尔来了。不过老李的攻略做得很细，第一天到哪儿，第二天到哪儿，背夫在哪儿找，小费一般给多少，他都门儿清。来之前，他就在“球球”上和博卡拉中国旅馆的女老板燕子联系好了，来了就住“燕巢”，我还是他推荐到燕巢的呢。不过，不会外语，一路上吃饭、上厕所确实不方便。该哥哥我大显身手了。经过几天的磨练，我已经有了不小的进步，这一路，老李点菜、入厕、买饮料、抽烟借火，都是我罩着。车到山前必有路，平时记不清的单词、句式什么的，真到用的时候，自然而然就从嘴里迸出来，我自己都觉得惊奇。我慢慢有了信心。要知道，在尼泊尔，外语为王。那些外语好的小米女、小蟀锅，你不知道有多牛气，我这个教授级人物，在他们面前哪里还有师道尊严？现在，我渐渐找到了感觉，原来大大的舌头，现在赶了个时髦，变得卷卷的了；原来磕磕巴巴，欲说还休，现在变连贯了；原来是说单词，现在可以说短句了。我在进步。在“燕巢”入住之后，老李陪我上街找滑翔公司问价。沿着费瓦湖岸，一排溜有很多家旅行社，有的可以办理徒步，有的经营滑翔、漂流。我俩问了几家，用简单外语跟人家交流，居然把什么都弄得清清楚楚。从滑翔公司出门，我俩不禁哈哈大笑。成，咱打通了任督二脉，到了可以自由行的境界了。晚上，我和老李到中国人开的兰花饭店喝酒。老李第二天要上雪山，吃了很多肉。吃过饭，老李在宾馆阳台遇到一个叫娟子的浙江女驴，听说她也上布恩山徒步，带来见我。这个娟子，不是个凡角，她每年有6个月在外面旅行。人家旅行，从来不花钱买车票，一路搭车，军车、警车、拖拉机，什么都搭过。在西藏当雄，她搭了一辆藏族人的拖拉机去纳木错，一下子深入到藏区原始村落腹地，走不出来了，在人家家里白吃白住耗了4天，而且没有被侵犯。她在国际交友网上交了一个德国男友，那德国人要“嫁”到中国，而她想去德国，两人正僵持着。论英语单词，她记得比我多，论句子，我稍强一筹。我就把她捡了。我的滑翔安排在16日的中午12点。滑翔的价格是5000卢比，照片、录像光盘是1700卢比，可要可不要，我选择了要。一辆大吉普拉了5个人到萨朗科山上，那坡上已经有好多人在准备滑翔了。我的教练是捷克布拉格人，他给我们讲解注意事项，我基本听懂了：贵重物品放在屁股底下的滑翔袋里，不要蹲，不要跳，walk ,walk ,run ……fly !(走，走，跑……飞！)第一次起飞失败，第二次起飞成功。捷克教练带着我在空中飞了26分钟。我们盘旋上升，又盘旋下降，看尽费瓦湖和博卡拉风光。这是我首次这么深切地体味飞翔的滋味，那是一种脱离红尘看红尘的感觉。那一刻，我身上散尽了厨房的油烟味，不再凡俗，不再庸碌，而是像一个浪漫的王子，正在经历童话。这个过程虽然短暂，仅仅26分钟，但我已满足。原来，生活还有另一种感觉，值得我们去追求，去期待。为此而付出努力是值得的。飞翔仅仅26分钟，但感觉终身难忘捷克教练在讲解起飞要领有人起飞了降落后，教练在收伞早上，我送别辽宁老李，他要去ABC（安纳普纳环线）徒步宁静的费瓦湖费瓦湖上湖边的尼泊尔美少女湖心岛上，我和僧人祈福的少女来博卡拉的路上，我们就吃这样的食物混在尼泊尔（第七到第十天）2012年10月17日—20日那谁，你娘喊你参加全球美女帅哥大Party!——布恩山徒步琐记 尼泊尔拥有全世界最好的徒步线路，路上风景美，设施完备，毋需重装穿越。到尼泊尔不去徒步，真的是一种遗憾。因为时间限制，我不能去ABC(安纳普纳环线，9天),更不能去EBC（珠峰大本营环线，18天），我只能选择时间稍短的poon hill环线（布恩山，4天）。不管是哪一种徒步，都要办进山证和劳务证。进山证是国家公园保护区的门票，劳务证是使用背夫的许可。如果你不使用背夫，也要办理劳务证（20美金），使用背夫则只需要10美金，尼泊尔政府以此鼓励你雇用背夫。在博卡拉，自己去保护区办公室办理两证，需要2900卢比（在使用背夫的情况下），宾馆帮你办理，需要3100卢比。我懒得费事，就让宾馆办理了。多出200卢比，也就是10来块钱的事。宾馆给我找的背夫叫“谷卖得”，是个24岁的当地青年，会说简单的英语，也会几句汉语，如：哥哥，累不累？冷不冷？好吃吗？等等。我自己背着摄影包，把三脚架、衣服、纯净水、从国内带的一点食品让他背，一天给1000卢比工钱。政府规定，走小环线的背夫，背包不能重于20公斤，我的只有11公斤，比我自己身上的摄影包重不了多少。早上，我在燕巢慢悠悠地吃了早餐：两片烤的焦焦的吐司，两个煎蛋，一根香蕉，一杯牛奶咖啡，才160卢比，很好。boy给我叫了一辆的士，说好1500卢比到徒步的起点南崖瀑（nayapul）。娟子和我一起走，但她说自己钱包瘪，只搭车，不出钱，我也不好意思说你不出钱就别坐。有个香港男孩丁丁，昨晚说好要跟我一起去徒步，后来看到一个小美女，就把我pass了。说到丁丁，我得多说两句。这家伙已经31岁了，还跟个小孩儿一样，走哪儿都抱着一个布娃娃小驴，说是他的吉祥物。可笑的是，见到漂亮姑娘，他就要上去搭讪，屁颠屁颠地给人家买啤酒、买牛奶，要求跟人家一起玩。这两天，滑翔、划船我都带着他，但他一搭上美女，立马不理我了。我看他不是来旅行的，就是来追女仔的。这也是旅途中的一类人吧。第一天，徒步6个小时，强度不大，途中景色一般，晚上住在乌勒瑞（Ulleri）。这一天，我和一对韩国情侣，哥伦比亚“微笑姐”琳达，还有娟子，结伴行走。尼泊尔徒步，每过1个小时，甚至半个小时，就有一个休息站，可以吃饭、买水、住宿。那建筑五颜六色的，在绿色的山谷里格外醒目，看起来很美。住宿一般很便宜，150到200卢比一间，合人民币十几块钱。床很小，没有电视，也没有wifi。一路上，背夫的住宿、伙食由客栈免费提供，但客人必须消费。客人不消费，背夫就没得饭吃。琳达中午不吃饭，但考虑背夫要吃，只好要了一份尼餐，自己喝蔬菜汤，主食给背夫吃。琳达是个可爱的姑娘，苗条的身材，长长的腿，永远都是一副笑模样。在乌勒瑞住下，我先去洗澡，再去吃饭。那里有简易的公共洗澡间，可免费洗澡。水不太热，勉强可洗。但是喝的开水是收费的，一玻璃杯20卢比， 1升60卢比。我喝水厉害，一早一晚消费了180卢比。几个老外带着气罐上来，自己煮开水，省了开水钱。到达休息点。每个休息点都是一个景点。我问她：昨天在费瓦湖划船的是你吗？她说：不是，我哪儿都没去，我家就住在后面。左起：“微笑姐”琳达、琳达的背夫、娟子、我早上，坐在乌勒瑞旅馆的阳台上用膳，山谷里布满阳光徒步路上第二天，徒步5个小时，景色一般，不如川西。中午1点就到了计划中的住宿点格拉帕尼（Ghorepani）。这是布恩山最高峰下的小村庄，住在这里是为了早晨冲顶看雪山日出。这一路，我跟法国老帅哥帕瑞一起走，那老兄体力真好，中途很少休息。他说他自己有一个养牛场，我估计他牛肉吃得多。我的背夫谷卖得不像昨天那样紧紧跟着我，而是粘在娟子屁股后面，跟她套瓷。到达格拉帕尼之后，我睡了一觉，醒来推开旅馆的窗户就看到了雪山。我和帕瑞、一个德国帅哥、娟子在旅馆门口的观景平台上度过了黄昏时光，喝茶聊天。看得出，那个扎着马尾巴的高大的德国人很喜欢娟子，约好明天跟他一起走。娟子是中国人认为长相一般而老外特别喜欢的那种人，外国人和中国人审美观就是不同。晚上吃饭时，谷卖得凑过来说话。在一本尼泊尔杂志上，谷卖得画了一个一箭穿心的图案，旁边写了一行英文：Ilove you，然后给娟子看。这家伙，想找娟子一夜情呢。燕巢的女老板燕子，就是在尼泊尔徒步时遇到他现在的丈夫的，当时他是她的背夫兼向导。两人产生了感情，燕子就嫁到尼泊尔来了。谷卖得难道想照单复制？娟子笑笑，把杂志推给我看，我在下面写了一行字：You can take her to your home,but please give me money first（你可以带她回屋，但请先给我钱） ，给谷卖得看。那家伙看完就讪讪地走了。一个背夫，太花心了。我本来在徒步结束的时候想给他1000块钱小费的，但因为这件事，我只给他200块钱。太不敬业鸟。日照雪山。所有美的要素——云彩、雪山、晨曦、人群，很难凑到一张照片上，很遗憾。徒步路上看到的鱼尾峰即将起跳的盟态。我说过的：你要快乐你就跳。布恩山顶征途塔嗒帕尼，一个很美的住宿点，我越过了神秘的安纳普纳峰我和法国老帅哥帕瑞 第三天，是强度最大的一天，徒步10个小时；也是风景最美的一天，看到了雪山日出和世外桃源。早上4点15就起床了，爬了40分钟的山，上到布恩山顶看日出。天很冷，我穿上了羽绒衣。谷卖得在前面带路，空着两只手。走了差不多有20分钟，我一想，不对呀，凭神马我背着沉重的摄影包而他空着手呢，谁是谁的背夫呀？我说：“谷卖得.”他说“嗯”。我说“Please help me ,”他这才把摄影包接过去。日出很壮观，日照金山很美，这些有照片为证，我就不赘言了。山顶人很多，世界各国的都有，简直就是全球米女蟀锅的大Party。在山顶，我遇到了一个也在燕巢住宿的姑娘。我问：“跟你一起的丁丁呢？他不是要和你徒步的吗？”姑娘说：“那小孩儿太不靠谱了，见到更漂亮的美女就把我放单了。”呵呵，搞笑。第三天的徒步开始下行了，但中间也有几次上坡。网上有人说，布恩山徒步很轻松，老头老太太穿着人字拖就上去了，纯属谎言。那路根本就是原始的砍柴小道，拖鞋在这儿是没有办法行走的。感谢淮南三毛户外运动俱乐部，我在那儿团购的高帮防水登山鞋在布恩山发挥了大作用，我如履平地，视石如灰，走得很科学、很舒服。（在这儿，我也得批评一下南京自由兵户外，我在那儿网购的2升登山水袋，在前往西藏纳木错的路上漏水了，导致我一路屁屁坐在潮垫子上。幸亏我人品好，相机没被水淹）。话说没走几步，娟子说她胃痛。我说我这里有热水，你喝点吧，不过你得找个杯子。但是这荒山野岭，哪里有杯子呢？无奈，娟子就着我的水壶喝了。但是……但是我看见她把喝到嘴里的茶叶又吐了回去。我狠狠地皱了一下眉头。后来…..后来我磨磨蹭蹭在后面拍片子，渐渐和她拉远了距离，以后再没有见到她。下午6点，我到达世外桃源甘杜克（Ghandruk），住进了甘杜克的安纳普纳旅馆。这是我四天中住的最好、最贵的旅馆，500卢比一晚，有卫生间和淋浴。但洗澡水基本不热，我洗了个冷水浴。到达时天就黑了，没来及观景。早晨一起床，哗，窗外就是鲜花和雪山，赶紧的，提着相机去拍照。这是一个建在山坡上的小村庄，原汁原味的尼泊尔风情，石头房子，碎石路，房前屋后种满了鲜花，村民纯朴而友好。我冒昧地到人家家里家访，没有受到拒绝，拍了好多有意思的照片。甘杜克，我住的旅馆在旅馆里吃早餐尼泊尔美少妇 “孩子们，咱们玩个老鹰捉小鸡好吗？”在人家炕头上拍滴第四天，徒步4小时回到南崖瀑，坐local bus 回博卡拉。不表。混在尼泊尔（第十一、十二天）2012年10月21、22日 捡个美女去漂流 回到博卡拉，我馋了，想吃中餐想吃肉。布恩山徒步四天，吃了四天尼餐，顿顿土豆咖喱米饭，把我吃腻了。最后一天中午，实在不想吃尼餐，就点了一个意大利面，一个巧克力布丁，但是貌似木有吃饱。所以回来那天晚上，我在兰花餐厅，点了三个菜：一个铁板牛肉，一个炒蔬杂，一个蒜蓉拌黄瓜，还有一个西红柿鸡蛋汤，一小瓶虎跑泉白酒，全部扫光见底。吃饭前，我在宾馆前台交了2200卢比，订了漂流回加都的联程票。吃完饭，我在庭院里上wifi，听到几个人叽哩嘎啦讲着英语进来了，坐在我邻桌。在中国人的旅店里讲英语，我猜这些是日本人，因为这个旅店还是有一小部分非中国住客。我没抬头，继续在微博上发消息。过了一会，一个女的用中文说：“对面那个淡定哥，看手机看得好专心哦，不搭理我们哦。”啊？原来是中国人啊。既然是中国人，咱不能不理啊，于是就聊了一会。说话的女的有三十三、四岁，蒙古人，在中国外交部下属的一个分支机构工作。坐在她对面的是大连姑娘李曼，两人也是在博卡拉认识的，一起玩了几天。那个李曼，她不去徒步，也不去探洞，就每天坐在费瓦湖边晒太阳，发呆。谁谁去劝她去徒步，她都微笑摇头。她“不羡鸳鸯不羡仙，只羡山茶开湖边”，人称“淡定姐”。听说我明儿漂流回加都，“淡定姐”高兴地拍起手来：“哈哈，我运气怎么这么好啊，一路遇到大哥大姐照顾。明儿漂流我不怕啦，我不会游泳啊。”蒙古姐姐郑重地交代：“这是我路上遇到的好妹妹，她娇气，您一定照顾好她。”我说您放心吧，照顾美女我会用心的。21号早上7点半，我们出发，乘坐一辆tourest bus往加都方向走。10点40到达一个小镇，在路边的漂流公司换装备。正在这时，来了两个骑自行车的中国人，老姜和小卢。他们一个从西藏骑过来，一个从缅甸金三角骑过来，都晒得黢黑。我们四个和两个塞尔维亚胖大姐及他们的导游一起漂流。尼泊尔漂流，不似我们中国漂流平和，那真的是一个险滩接一个险滩。浪高时把我们送上云天，峰低时把我们摔入谷底，全身没一处干纱。教练指挥着我们，时而急流重桨，时而借势轻漂。滩平处，我们四个和两个塞尔维亚胖姐姐赛歌，一首接一首。两个胖姐姐高兴极了，时不时开怀大笑，笑得山谷朗朗回响。我们的情绪也受到感染，扑扑腾腾跟着教练翻到水里去游泳。三位女士不想下水，都被教练强拉入水，全部湿身……。可惜相机不允许带到橡皮舟上，没有留下惊险刺激而又快乐的镜头。李曼 得瑟一下整装待发 漂流3个半小时（中间上岸在树林子里吃了一顿尼泊尔午餐），我们和老姜、小卢告别，上车继续往加都进发。天渐暗，风凉了，我们全身潮透透，坐在靠车门的位置，好冷。我把摄影包的防雨罩拿给李曼盖上，她还是冷。衣服都放在车尾的行李箱里了。“淡定姐”这时候不淡定了，抖抖索索地让售票员停车，售票员光答应就是不跟司机说。看李曼冷得不行，酱紫下去会生病的，我走到司机边上说话了：“Driver,please stay a little time ,my friend fill cold,very cold .We need to take the closh .”(司机，请停一小下，我的朋友冷了，很冷。我们需要拿衣服。)司机听了，赶紧停车。我们穿上厚衣服，气定神闲到了加都。我仍然住在凤凰宾馆东楼206，这是事先打电话给龚姐订的。早上起来，我知道，这是我在尼泊尔的最后一天了，我还有一个烧尸庙没看，决定上午去看烧尸庙。神佑我，在出行的这么多天里，我木有感冒，木有拉肚，木有高反。每天晚上倒头就睡，一夜不做梦，不上厕所，早上6点准时醒，睁开眼就感到神清气爽、精力充沛。我觉得自己还行，还能走很多地方。但愿最后一天功德圆满。烧尸庙在加都边上，和猴庙正好反方向。我决定坐“卢谷乐”去。“卢谷乐”就是我们所说的“拐的”，带蓬的载人机动三轮，很便宜。出了旅馆门，我就问哪里有卢谷乐，一路问一路走。拐进特米尔区的一个小巷子里，一个司机让我上他的小面包。我说：“From here to Pashupatinath temple,how much ?(从这里到烧尸庙，多少钱？)”他伸出了3个指头：“Three hundred ”（三百）。我说：“It seems a little higher .One hundred,ok?”（看起来有点高了。一百，可以吗？）“No,no.”我这边正在跟司机砍价，对面来了两个中国姑娘，说：大哥你要去哪里？我说我去烧尸庙，我想坐卢谷乐去。她们问，坐卢谷乐多少钱？我说，20卢比吧。一个带牙套的姑娘说，那我也去。就这样，我把小聪捡了。走了几步，迎面遇到小聪认识的两个男青年，他们听了我们的计划，也要跟我们走。这样，我又把小孙、小马捡了。四个人乘卢谷乐到了烧尸庙。攻略上说，烧尸庙是印度教神庙，非印度教徒是不给进的，只能隔河相望。但是现在开始卖门票了，买了门票好多地方就能进了。门票500卢比。我和胖小孙买票进去了，小聪和瘦小马不愿意花钱，在门外跟保安套瓷，后来没要票也进来了。据说，小聪是用一个飞吻打倒了保安，小马跟着沾光了。看完烧尸庙，我们四个又去了附近的博纳佛塔，又是我和小孙买票，他们俩逃票。一上午就这样过去了。烧尸庙死者的长子点燃火种我和胖小孙、瘦小马、女小聪同游烧尸庙庙里，吹笛子的修行者下午，李曼陪我上街买伴手礼。进入尼泊尔之后，我换了2500块钱，加上在樟木换的1000块钱，我已经花了近3500块钱（人民币）。兜里的卢比不多了，我从前台又换了500块钱。这样子够我买礼品和明儿打的到机场了。13天，4000块钱，这样的消费太便宜啦。李曼是个可爱的姑娘。其实她是沈阳人，东北大学毕业后，在大连开了一家自己的公司，做高校后勤部门的生意。我在写这篇游记的时候，她正从网上给我传照片。我说我要把你写在游记里。她说你不如给我介绍个优秀的男孩吧，我29了，到了找男盆友的时候了。你那边有优秀的男孩，我不介意到淮南安家。我说我记下了，会给你上心。（弟弟们，谁有意就跟我联系啊。）晚上，和李曼、小孙、小马一起吃饭。吃完饭，上街溜达一圈，回来上楼睡觉。进了门，我打了一个大大的哈欠，这才发现，我累了，想家了——想念夫人温存的目光，想念儿子干净的微笑。我在思念中入梦。 （全文完） 李曼说我给她发的照片有点小了，又发来几张照片。我现在贴上去。优秀而强壮的尚在单身的弟弟们，睁开你的慧眼吧，看看清楚哦，一点不掺假的有文化、有事业而又温柔可爱的美女。后记：应筒子们的要求，我晒一下尼泊尔之行的账单—— 总共花费3500元 （不含回程机票）。其中吃800元，住600元，在尼泊尔交通400元，其余为门票、进山证、滑翔、漂流等费用。 （更多精彩游记请进我空间https//user.qzone.qq.com/391583130/infocenter#!app=2&via=QZ.HashRefresh&pos=CATalog_list）李曼从川西回来，我才发现，最壮美的风光还数川西。尼泊尔、澳大利亚、菲律宾什么的都是小景。(
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廖家宁Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, ";Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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陈佳蓉《最后的藏地：甘青川大环线》 序2007年，随着一篇帖子误打误撞地进入了川西的藏区后，在接下去的几年，藏地，就像魔咒般地吸引着我。我和我的兄弟，因此，有了藏地五年计划。今年，是我们行游藏地的第五年，也是藏地五年计划的最后一年。五年来，我们很幸运，也很执著：07年，我们第一次来到了藏区。我们惊艳于新都桥的光影和八美的柔情；而穿越四姑娘让我们第一次有了驴的感觉。08年，贡嘎的壮美、剪子弯的高原草甸、外星球般的海子山、仙乃日的威严、雨崩的神秘和一妻多夫以及雨崩小学的张老师和十个小时的的梅里穿越，更给我烙下了深刻的印象。09年，我们终于走了川藏南线。跨过金沙江，真正来到了西藏。来古冰川、米堆冰川、嘎瓦龙雪山和天池。。。无不让我深深怀念！10年，21天，我们完成了阿里大环线的穿越。珠峰的夕照和普兰的宁静；玛旁雍措的深邃和拉昴措的诡异；古格的神秘和东嘎皮央遗址的凄凉；扎达的壮观和天堂般的文布；色林措的欢乐和仓姑寺的详和；以及一路相伴的藏野驴、藏羚羊、差点因高发下撤而割袍断义的兄弟和我的队友组成了我10年最美好的回忆。2011年，藏地五年计划的最后一年，我们走进了甘青川。。。 目录一、序二、出发前的纠结三、穿越夹金山四、西索民居和土司官寨五、关于马尔康的阿来和其它六、太阳河峡谷劳作的藏族小孩七、邂逅马尔康看花节八、色达：经幡扬起的是一颗宁静的心九、年龙寺：探访闭关修行的年龙上师仁波切十、班玛：天葬台、江日堂寺和非诚勿拢的刘婷婷十一、白玉寺：拜访著名的传奇人物----“年宝玉则的观鸟喇嘛”扎西桑俄十二、年宝玉则：僧人的笑容十三、放花无语对玛卿----穿越阿尼玛卿纪实十四、玛多：黄河之水天上来十五、走向共和十六、青海湖：不要问我从哪里来十七、大美祈连：卓尔山十八、阿柔大寺：最帅气喇嘛和可爱的藏民十九、门源：一片金色向着党 二十、西宁--合作：多民族聚集的和谐走廊二十一、扎尕那：遗世独立的非著名山峰 二十二、郎木寺：天葬台的诱惑二十三、红原：千回百转的黄河第一湾二十四、汶川：不能忘却的纪念二十五、结束语 二、出发前的纠结是甘川青还是川青甘？这是个问。时间进入到五月，10年同行阿里的队友开始活跃起来。西湖和本色不断邀约加入他们甘川青的队伍；我也开始谋划我的11年行程，但皆因种种不确定性没有允诺队友。首先是兄弟的不确定性，达华云里雾里，不置可否；另外一个刚加盟的小兄弟（耗子）想玩回大环线自驾；而我自己确定不了具体出发的时间。再者，今年，我必须得去色达。而西湖本色的队伍走的是甘-川-青，他们放弃了色达。而放弃色达是我不能容忍的。就这样，和原来阿里的队友失之交臂，以致于11年的行程只有风景，没有了风情；只有色彩，没有了精彩；只有英雄，没有了故事。五千公里的旷野，只有三个年近不惑的孤独的男人在自我装酷却无人欣赏。。。苏说，他就像旷野里的那只藏原羊一样孤独，只好不断地把白屁股炫耀以期待少许的目光。七月初，达华正式告知将携妻儿自驾；汶川突至暴雨和泥石流交通中断；而我家阁楼露台上的紫藤却突然枯萎。。。这无疑不是出发前的好兆头。耗子在暴雨、泥石流和枯萎的紫藤以及我们的七嘴八舌下终于决定放弃自驾。至此，我们终于决定七月初从成都出发。后来得知，本色当上了队长，拉起了原来阿里的队伍，过起了万花丛中一点绿的滋润日子；茗禅冒充强驴骗取信任穿越了贡嘎，留给我们的是嫉妒和羡慕；达华最终携妻带子自驾弃我们而去。。。七月，阿里英雄终于各自在路上。 三、穿越夹金山夹金山，并不是我们计划中的行程。汶川线的暴雨和泥石流让我们被迫放弃了原来的线路，我们只能绕道夹金山。夹金山，是一座英雄的山。夹金山位于四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州小金县南部，与著名的四姑娘山风景区毗邻，距成都250公里。夹金山也是当年中国工农红军一方面军万里长征与红四方面胜利会师的地方。夹金山从此载入中国革命历史的光荣史。2011年的7月，是红色的7月。我们的行程就从这红色的夹金山开始了。夹金山垭口 红军达维会师1935年6月，中国工农红军第一方面军翻越夹金山与红四方面军在四川省阿坝州小金县达维乡正式会师。如今，达维会师已成为一处重温红色记忆的旅游景点。70年后，这里也成了一个旅游胜地。这里，也是世界第一只大熊猫的科学发现地，尽管我们没有发现大熊猫。 傍晚的夹金山沐浴在夕阳中。夏日的夹金山却犹如沐浴在秋色之中，傍晚时分的一缕夕阳打在藏居上。当年的红军，也许无暇这样的风景。 四、西索民居和土司官寨傍晚，我们终于抵达马尔康郊外的西索民居和卓克基土司官寨。西索民居卓克基土司官寨西索民居独具嘉绒藏族特色，保持了嘉绒先民“垒石为室”的传统建筑风格，寨子鳞次栉比、错落有致，远目望去犹如一座壁垒森严的古堡。整个民居从远处鸟瞰，便会惊奇地发现西索藏寨酷似藏族八宝图案中的“花依”图案(状如“中华结”，代表释伽牟尼的心)，寨子中直来竖往、弯来拐去的青石板小道，把图案的线条展现的非常清晰。 藏寨全是三层石楼，底层饲养牲畜，第二层是厨房和住宿，三层是经堂和客房。民居建筑形如碉状，也称碉楼。房屋四周的墙体均用片石砌成,用黄泥粘合。墙体厚达1米,采用内直外收的砌法, 工匠们仅凭经验，砌出的石墙如刀切豆腐般整齐，棱角锐利，上窄下宽，整个墙体处于抗压状态,成为建筑的承重主体。加之内部木结构横梁的互相支撑拉合,整个建筑下大上小、重心向内、稳定性强。到最高处，碉楼四角顺势形成角锋，造成一种气势，最高处的石墙边缘加厚，避免墙表的平面化，增强立体感。房顶一分为二，前半部分为平顶，三面砌成矮墙；后半部分形成斜山式，覆盖石板或瓦。每层楼的窗户都外小内大，窗框很讲究，用上了雕刻、绘画、上彩等技巧，民族特色很浓。这种碉楼不仅冬暖夏凉，而且建筑艺术独特，审美价值高，就像一件件珍贵的艺术品。卓克基土司官寨位于距马尔康县城7公里的卓克基镇西索村。官寨依山而建，坐北朝南，被国际友人赞誉为“东方建筑史上的一颗明珠”。官寨始建于1918年清朝乾隆年间，为四层碉房，1936年毁于大火，1938年----1940年，土司索观赢组织人力进行重建。1935年7月，毛泽东同志及中央机关长征途中曾在官寨住宿一周。1988年，卓克基官寨被国务院列为第三批国家重点文物保护单位。卓克基土司官寨有着重要的历史文化以及丰富的旅游资源。 五、关于马尔康的阿来和其它值得说一句的是，马尔康是著名藏族作家阿来的家乡。阿来：1959年出生于马尔康，毕业于马尔康师范学校。2009年3月，阿来当选为四川省作协主席，现兼任中国作协副主席。从1994年《尘埃落定》写出至1998年出版其间，阿来由阿坝州一家杂志转辗到四川成都《科幻世界》由编辑到总编辑社长，《科幻世界》在阿来手里由一本杂志变为五六种，成为世界上发行量最大的科幻类杂志。数百万读者期待读到阿来新作。来之前，我不知道，马尔康就是阿来的家乡。在西索民居时，我的司机师傅轻轻说了一句：这就是阿来居住过的地方，小说《尘埃落定》的故事就发生在这里。轻描淡写的一句话，却触动了我的内心。阿来是我喜欢的一位作家。《尘埃落定》就是他的代表作，曾获得第五届茅盾文学奖。我喜欢的倒不是他的《尘埃落定》，而是他对西藏土地深沉的爱和对西藏发展自己独立的见解。虽然，我没看过他写的《格萨尔王》，但我欣赏他写《格萨尔王》的勇气和毅力。我有一本阿来的文集《看见》。在文中，阿来说：看哪，落定的尘埃又微微泛起，山间的大路上，细小的石英沙尘在阳光下闪烁出耀眼的光芒，在茫茫宇宙中漂浮不定。唉，一路都是落不定的尘埃！写完《格萨尔王》后，阿来说：王啊，今天我要把你的故事还给你，我要走出你的故事了。这是一个小说家的宿命，从一个故事向另一个故事漂泊。当一些所谓的有识之士忧虑于青藏铁路的建设时，阿来所说的话让我赞叹，他不同流和盲从于“有识之士”。阿来说：如果说，这条铁路的建成，对建设者是一个胜利，而对这条铁路经过的高原，对这条铁路所冲击的古老文化，对当地政府和老百姓，这到底是一个天降的福音，还是一个巨大的考验，全赖于面临这样一个新的机遇的人们有没有准备好去迎接挑战。我讨厌于一些看法。诸如，西藏的高原上架设高压线破坏景观；西藏的腹地通公路影响生态；西藏铁路和机场的建设是对环境和西藏文化的破坏。。。诸如此类，等等等等。当我们手拿IPAD，喝着咖啡，畅游在信息高速公路上时，我们有什么权力让西藏人民永远手持转筒匍匐着转经呢？五年了，当我周游在藏地时，更多看到的只是游客们猎奇的眼光和浅薄的认识，他们讨厌藏民用手机、讨厌藏民开着摩托车放牧；他们希望的西藏永远是原始、原始、再原始；他们希望把西藏割裂于现代文明之外。。。古老和现代的冲突是一个永恒的话。我崇拜甚至是膜拜西藏悠久的文化和宗教，但我也不排斥他们对现代文明和现代化的选择，我相信，这不是西藏人民的“被选择”。只是，在这种选择之前，正如阿来所说的，“全赖于面临这样一个新的机遇的人们有没有准备好去迎接挑战”。我想，在现代化、现代文明和西藏古老的历史、文化、宗教冲突中，我们不要做非此即彼的选择，我们所要关注的是，如何去寻找冲突间的结合点，以期待让西藏古老文化和宗教在现代文明前更加熠熠生辉，以期待西藏的环境在现代化面前妥善地予以保护。这才是真正考验政府和百姓的智慧。感谢阿来，祝福西藏。 六、太阳河峡谷劳作的藏族小孩这一天，除了色达五明佛学院让我震撼之外，就是这在田间劳作的藏族小孩的眼睛和笑容。 从清晨的马尔康醒来，昨晚的灯火辉煌已遗留在睡梦中。马尔康县城位于山谷之间，海拔并不高，只有2700米。县城规划整齐，湍急的索磨河穿城而过。清晨的马尔康夜幕下的马尔康霓虹闪烁，光影迷离。 在藏语里，马尔康的意思就是灯火旺盛的地方，据说此命名来至一位得道高僧。在藏地，这样的高僧往往又是伟大的预言家。今天，预言再次成真。我们沿着大渡河的上游---太阳河峡谷前行。山涧，雾气升腾。大渡河咆哮东去，雨后的太阳河峡谷清新诡异。晨雾中的藏居很是抢眼，早起的藏民已走向田间地头。 藏居、碉楼、高压塔。虽然，高压电线塔很不应景，但我希望大家更多的是看到它给西藏人民带来的光明而给以包容。有一种风景，她遗世独立。有一种力量，她坚如磐石。 有一种行走，叫做虔诚。也有一种行走，叫做造作。中午，我们来到了壤塘县大伊里村。这一路，最吸引我们的就是藏式民居。 这一带的藏式民居三楼均以柳条编制而成，上宽下窄，俨然穿上铠甲的将士。 就在这样的环境里日出而作，繁衍生息。大伊里乡其实是个重点扶持的富裕乡。对口帮扶让他们过上了现代生活。在这红色的七月，需常怀感恩之心。大伊里乡瓜果青翠，花香四溢。([]
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竺德星走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
肉薄团小说再线观看
许秀珍序： 今年六月间，我攀登了阿拉斯加山脉的主峰麦金利。海拔6193米的北美第一高峰麦金利，位于北极圈附近，气候恶劣，虽然海拔并不高，但攀登的相对高度却超过珠峰，被称为登山家的坟墓，历史上有很多著名登山家在此殒落。麦金利可以说是我所攀登过的山峰最美的一座了，整个攀登期间，共拍了六千多幅照片。 在整理相片时，攀登的情形不时再现，有时，心绪深深陷入在对某张相片的记忆里不能自拔，或悲或喜，宛如第二次攀登。照片本身我不喜欢裁剪或者过度PS，这样能尽量保持原状态。文字虽称诗，但谈不上是诗，最多只是一点心情，望与朋友们分享，更望指教，谢谢~ 另说明：1、此贴不是游记，详细游记《路的尽头》正在写作中，希望能在年底完成，呈现给喜欢的朋友们。2、不是按时间顺序写的，前后秩序有些乱，抱歉~ 今年夏季攀登期间，法国和比利时两个登山家先后在滑坠而亡，痛惜并仅以此贴怀念。死亡，对所有登山者来说，都是必须要学会面对的课。同时，这种死亡也被赋予了另外一种悲壮的美，像一阵鼓声敲打着登山者的灵魂。对于登山者来说，雪山如同永恒的情人，爱有多远，路就有多远~从C3到C4攀登中，遇到刚刚从山上撤下来的登山者，脸上挂满冰碴，沧桑的样子特别悲壮。因为那一阵天气特别不好，得知有的队在山上已经等待了二十九天，还没能登顶，另有两个队员已经滑坠遇难，对所有没能登顶的队员我都心生慈悲，每每遇到他们，都会在心里向失败的登顶者致敬。从C2到C3攀登十分累人，每个人除了自己装备外，还要分摊公用物资，拖着雪橇在漫长而松软的雪上行走，极其艰难。可当我行进到这里，看到队友像狗一样爬行时的悲壮，在这种光与影的氛围中，突然因为卑微而感到做为人的幸运。在那个傍晚，没有黑夜（在这个季节，麦金利只有白天），只有无畏，只有一颗狮子般勇敢的心。快到C3营地时，当一个国外登山者孤独的剪影呈现在我镜头里时，那种温暖的感觉让我想起小时候的家。谢谢母亲。那天下午，在C3营地的帐篷里，我一直看着这哥俩在雪坡上吃力地爬着，雪坡和人都是那样的干净，他们干净的样子让我感动，难以描述，其实，山与人应该可以交融，人本就是自然的一部分~从C3到C4攀登途中，路过这个风口，遭遇强风暴。此前，法国登山家就是在此滑坠的~ 在这里，风暴如此之大，吹得雪坡都起了波痕，让人无法行走，就是站都站不稳，等了一个多小时，风仍不见小，只得再一步步胆战心惊地下撤。从海拔五千多米的山上向下看去，山下一如白色海洋，无声的波涛拍打着堤岸，宛如一曲安魂的歌，听着时，心，无限悲壮~即使远在北极圈附近的麦金利山，人类生活对环境的影响依然明显，雪线也在一天天的消退，让人揪心也让人悲伤。如果连麦金利的雪都消逝了，人类的命运也就开始了倒计时~对山我一直心存敬畏，却一直没有过害怕。我喜欢那种融入和被融入的感觉，虽然前面充满不可预知，但也正因为如此，吸引着我。有时候，你迈出了一步，就会看到另一种人生~有时，走在雪山上，雪山厚重、无言的样子，让我常想起已经离去的父亲，想着小时候，他背我上医院看病的情景。我尝试着与父亲对话，减轻我攀登过程中的疲惫、苦难和恐惧感，更想让他知道我对他的思念。 坐在飞往大本营的小飞机上俯瞰阿拉斯加原生态立体风景，湖畔、草原，白云、群山层次分明，高大的麦金利山巅直入云宵，大地上的一切摄人心魄。看到群山，就想到了一辈子都在山中行走着的父亲。父亲从部队甫转业地方，就被打成了右派。父亲二十年右派最初的生涯是在地质勘探队里挖了几年的槽井中度过的，并落下了矽肺病，最终死于矽肺病引起的哮喘。父亲是个热爱大自然的人，棋琴棋书画无所不通，却生不逢时，郁郁而终。每每看到好的风景，或者登上了山，都想告诉父亲，但，也只能等到来日了。谢谢生我培养我的父亲，一生从没说过一句谎话的父亲！对我来说，对登山的热爱早已超过了对死亡的恐惧，但登山过程中，对那些离去者还是充满了痛惜，对生命本身还是充满悲悯~挑选这幅照片时，恍如一下又回到了当时。那天登顶下撤的过程异常艰难，最后走到大本营时，我双脚一共起了8个大水泡。行进中，袜子和血水粘在一起，每步都疼痛着。现在看着照片，已经不再疼痛，只有梦境般的雄壮和冷~那天沐浴在这样的阳光下，看着雪坡上的那人在蓝色阴影中一点点移动的身形，清风中，细碎的雪花在阳光中轻舞，一切如此美好。然而，人世很短、生命无常，这是无奈，也正是我们要珍惜当下的缘由呀~在雪坡上俯瞰海拔4300米的C4营地，小路上，一个人正在往回走着，还有三三二二的人正在帐篷外晒着太阳聊着天，有的要继续向上攀登，有的则是要下去了，但他们悠闲的样子，轻松、自在。有时候，当你看着这样美丽而清新的营地，就像看着自己曾经呆过的乡村，就像面对才见又要与之分别的情人~一夜大雪覆盖了C3营地，第二天上午的天空中，还在飘着细细的雪，看着眼前的一切，心中一片宁静，有很多的话想要说出来~在四号营地附近，有一个叫着“世界边缘”的地方，举目望去，悲凉的感觉没有尽头，整个时空仿佛都充满着深深的母爱~~这张照片上的文字是在中秋前夕写的，这个世上，我最愧对的，就是我的双亲了。我还没能好好孝顺他们，他们就走了。我经常在梦里梦到他们，每次醒来，枕头边都是湿的。在这里愿意天下所有活着的父母健康快乐~攀登雪山，走累的时候，就想睡觉，那是极度疲惫和高反的表现。看到前面的兄弟走的摇摇晃晃的样子，却无法帮助到他。在山上，一切只能靠自己~一些人走了，一些人却永远留下在了山上。有一些悲伤是短暂的，有些悲伤却很久远。在这个世上，正是因为悲伤，才使我们更加性情，才更懂得珍惜~风暴如此猛烈，横向穿过来，想将我们吹下山去。只有用这种姿势才能站稳，其实说不怕是假的，恐惧的感觉很冷~一场雪，突然而起，不是来自天上，而是从山坡下被风倒灌，吹得人像腾云驾雾一般，冰冷，站都站不稳，人类的渺小和无奈，人类的坚强都在这幅画里了~登山的风险无处不在，每个登山的人都明白，但还是来了，他们登的山，也是自己的梦。登山的时候，他们都是自己心中的山~快到C3营地的最后一个大雪坡，人类的渺小和伟大都在这样背景的映衬下呈现出来了，让我震撼无比。傍晚，两座雪山像两位端坐的老人，冷眼旁观着人世间的一切，冷眼旁观着登山者的一切，几千万年了，他们都是这样端坐着。看懂的人，能感受到他们那晚的慈祥。攻顶成功，下撤到海拔C5营地，晚上一轮明月又大又亮，与太阳余晖共存于长空。看到站在营地崖际间的老罗正在拍摄，面对此景，亲人和家乡的样子也越来越清晰，像流水不息~那天午夜，我目睹了一次太阳落下和太阳升起的过程，我经历了一次阳光将无数星星撒落在雪坡上的震撼。但这里的天空越美，就越让我想着纯朴的家乡——马鞍山~([]
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