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加蓬伊根甲营地远景 因所在公司外事中非洲加蓬国一块石油地震勘探项目，我和队友们于2008年9月8日，从北京国际机场离境飞往加蓬。公司营地建在让蒂尔市以北二百公里左右的半岛伊根甲的一块草原上。附近村庄的房子稀少都建在树林里，周围都是原始森林，与外界交通补给全部靠水路，交通和通讯都不方便，我们在岛上一待就是几个月，说生活不枯燥那是安慰自己的真实的谎言。勘探项目接近尾声时，大家有时间了就一起踢踢球、打打牌，自我调节一下。一般我们不与附近的村民打交道(包括踢足球)，以免造成不必要的麻烦。营地前面有一个大操场，等太阳西下时就可以抓紧时间在操场上踢球了，赤道国家的太阳都是很毒的。已经有一批队员回国，现在踢球的人不象以前那么多了。。。。啰嗦了半天该赶紧上图了。。。。走过路过麻烦您帮楼主 加分顶贴下面的 参选帖子 猎人户外精彩自虐：负重穿越肖坑大峡谷（华东第一大峡谷）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1867379-1-1.html非常感谢 回帖是美德 准化营地鸟瞰 。。。像不像部队演习时的临时营房? 海上施工的工作照 为什么取名叫“少林足球”：因为大家在异国他乡生活久了，感觉就像和尚一样，修心养性，吃斋念佛；脱掉工作服赤膊上阵，在球场上撒欢一下，有的动作比较大，感觉就是在打斗而不是在踢足球。。。。精彩瞬间--门前解围 精彩瞬间--门前混战 精彩瞬间--拼抢 精彩瞬间。。。。断球 精彩瞬间--带球过人 精彩瞬间--射门 谁说赤脚的不怕穿鞋的 ([]
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许翊强金秋十月，有幸与中国民俗摄影协会徐州分会一起去华北晋冀摄影采风行。国庆长假，对去哪里和怎么去一直是个很纠结的事情。十一长假，金秋季节，不出去吧，觉得错失好季节，出去吧，又担心车满人满，到哪里都是人挤人，人挨人，这对于不爱凑热闹的驴友影友们而言是个大忌。正巧摄影协会也在讨论此事，最后决定走一条冷门线路，来一次金秋晋冀摄影采风行，哇，好线路，二话不说，咱报名，于是乎，就“成就”了这趟旅行线路：徐州—清西陵—紫荆关长城—蔚州古城—上苏庄—空中草原—蔚县—暖泉古镇—大同—悬空寺—应县—恒山—平遥—徐州D19月30日 徐州—清西陵 9月30日晚上8：00，一行32人包了一辆大客出发了，一车的欢声笑语，一夜的辛苦旅途，于10月1日清晨到达此行的第一站——清西陵。D2 10.1清西陵—紫荆关—乌龙沟—蔚县 清西陵位于河北省易县城西15公里处永宁山下，离北京120多公里。周界约100公里，面积达800余平方公里。清西陵是清代自雍正时起四位皇帝的陵寝之地，陵内共有14座陵墓，包括雍正的泰陵、嘉庆的昌陵、道光的慕陵和光绪的崇陵。此外还有3座后陵，以及若干座公主、妃子园寝。我们第一个参观的是光绪的崇陵。崇陵是光绪皇帝的陵墓，也是我国最后一座帝王陵墓。光绪帝名载湉，爱新觉罗氏。其父是道光皇帝的第七子醇亲王，其母叶赫那拉氏，是慈禧太后的胞妹。同治帝病故后，由慈禧太后做主，指定继承皇位。崇陵始建于1909年，陵址名叫金龙峪。其规模虽不如雍正、嘉庆的陵墓那样庞大，没有大碑亭、石像生等建筑，但它除继承清代建陵规制，参照咸丰帝定陵、同治帝惠陵的风格外，又吸收了古代建筑技术的某些精华，仍具有它的特色。整个陵寝根据守卫和祭把的需要，建筑了五孔桥、巡房、牌楼门、神厨库、三路三孔桥、朝房、班房、隆恩门、燎炉、配殿、隆思殿、三座门、石五供、方城、明楼、宝顶和地宫。 皇家的陵寝就是不一样，入陵的牌楼门都是这么有气派。 步入牌楼门 看这汉白玉桥栏杆的“三路三孔桥”，真有天安门金水桥的范儿。 隆思殿内用的木料均为异常珍贵的铜藻、铁藻，质地坚硬无比，用这种木料制作一把普通太师椅，重量竟高达百余斤，所以隆思殿被誉为“铜梁铁柱”，且梁架之间增加了隔架料，既能托顶，又使殿内更加美观。隆思殿内的四根明柱，底部有海水江涯图案，柱身为一条金龙盘绕向上，较其它帝陵的宝相花更加富丽堂皇。 尽管非常之奢华，皇家，最终也随着流逝的时光成为了过去。。。。 后面的这座院落，便是光绪皇帝的陵寝。光绪登基时，正值清朝面临内忧外患，营造陵寝的工程不能如期破土动工，一直拖延到1908年，光绪皇帝驾崩，1909年才由宣统朝着手操办。修建期间，清朝已走向灭亡，宣统皇帝与隆裕皇太后退位，于是向中华民国政府提出要求：“德宗崇陵未完工程，如制妥修，其奉安典礼，仍如旧制，所有实用经费，均由中华民国支出。”当时，南京临时政府的议和代表及各省都督，对清室要求宽大应许。正门显然不是我们走的，我们自然是走边门进入。 光绪驾崩时，陵还未建，他的梓宫(棺椁)在故宫观德殿暂安。1909年3月，光绪的棺椁又由观德殿迁往西陵梁格庄行宫停放，一路起落，共耗银438400多两。虽然北京至西陵当时已通火车，但光绪棺椁仍用人抬。前面有卫兵开道，随后是皇帝和王公大臣，后面还有隆裕皇后、瑾贵妃等，最后是1400多辆轿车。棺椁拾至阜城门，仅十里远，就撤掉纸钱1000斤，用银260两。北京至西陵行程240华里，抬杠夫每天分为60班，每班128人，轮流抬着棺椁艰苦行进。沿途支搭三宿芦殿，耗银29000两，经过四天三夜，才把光绪的棺椁运到梁格庄行宫，安放于正殿之中。不知当时从北京至西陵行程240华里，杠夫每天分为60班，每班128人，经过四天三夜，轮流抬着棺椁是如何艰苦行进的，但从这陵寝正殿可以感受出当时的排场了。正在这高大的地宫正殿前拍摄，突然从上面跑下来一个孩子，我赶紧抓住机会咔嚓了一张，为这阴气沉重的陵寝增添了点“活气”。来此参观的人们大多是来凭吊下这段历史的，同时也通过这些看看皇家的奢靡生活。 大殿下面的地宫才是摆放灵柩的地方。 据说在光绪的棺椁正式安放崇陵地宫之际，清朝的遗老遗少还在这座帝王陵前，演出了一幕极尽愚忠的闹剧。光绪的老师梁鼎芬是比较典型的一位，他在崇陵的修建过程中，经常到工地瞻祝，为工程的修建筹款募捐。在为光绪送葬时，他由两个亲随搀扶着在陵前执绋(牵引灵枢的大绳)，从行宫一直走到下宫殿。当人们将棺椁、随葬品布置妥当退出地宫后，唯有梁鼎芬疯疯癫癫地坐在地宫内预备给光绪殉葬。后被其亲随背出，才算完事。还真有为清朝皇帝自愿殉葬的忠臣哦。尽管清廷的遗臣为修建崇陵费尽心思，光绪还是没有能够在他的地下寝宫里平安地长眠下去。1931年军阀混战时期，一伙不明身份的兵匪盗掘了崇陵地宫，多数随葬品被劫走。 地宫中合葬着光绪帝和他的隆裕皇后，这是他们的棺椁，其陪葬物品自然是一无所有了。 。。。。。。。。 清西陵北依峰峦叠翠的永宁山，景态雄伟。 这里有华北地区最大的古松林，数以万计的古松、古柏把这一带装点得清秀葱郁，古朴大方。 这陵墓前还有个壁照，也是用来辟邪的吗？ 为了增强排水性能，每个宫殿基部都建有2米宽的散水，明楼前和三座门前分别挖砌了御带河，地宫内凿有14个水眼与龙须沟相通。 妃子墓，妃子墓的琉璃瓦装饰就不是黄色的而是绿色的了。 这满院子里的树让这沉寂的陵墓区不显得那么阴森了。 这是珍妃的墓。清帝后妃有两位女子曾获“珍妃”这一封号，一位是道光帝珍妃赫舍里氏，另一位就是广为人知的光绪帝宠妃他他拉氏。珍妃（1876年－1900年），他他拉氏，满洲镶红旗人。清朝光绪皇帝妃子，也是最为受宠的妃子，后因获罪于慈禧而被投井杀害。而道光帝的珍妃赫舍里氏（1804－？）则卒年葬处不详。恪顺皇贵妃（1876年—1900年）他他拉氏，满洲镶红旗人，人们一般习惯按她曾获封的珍妃来称呼她。清朝光绪皇帝的侧妃，也是最为受宠的妃子，生于光绪二年二月初三为礼部左侍郎长叙之女。光绪十四年(1888年)10月初五慈禧太后选定其弟，副都统桂祥的女儿叶赫那拉氏为光绪帝之后，同时封珍妃与她的姐姐瑾妃为嫔，时瑾嫔15岁，珍嫔13岁。光绪二十年，两人同时晋封为妃。珍妃其祖父乃陕甘总督裕泰，其父长叙曾任户部右侍郎，其伯父长善乃广州将军，珍妃与其姊瑾妃自幼随长善在广州长大。珍妃10岁那年，长善卸任广州将军，她与姊姊随同北返北京。 1889年，珍妃两姊妹被入选宫中，13岁的她被封为珍嫔，15岁的姐姐封为瑾嫔，嫔为九等宫女序列中的第六等，直至光绪二十年甲午春(1894年)，因慈禧太后六旬万寿加恩得晋嫔为妃，前面还有皇后、皇贵妃、贵妃三个等级。光绪26年(1900年)8月初，八国联军集结兵力进攻北京，慈禧太后挟持光绪帝慌忙出逃。[行前，命太监将幽禁于北三所寿药房中的珍妃唤出，推入位于慈宁宫后贞顺门的井中淹死。当时，珍妃年仅25岁。 瑾妃的墓光绪十四年（1888年），在光绪帝的选后大典上，瑾妃和妹妹珍妃同时入选，成为光绪皇帝的妃子，并在隔年元月行大婚礼，之后个别以瑾嫔和珍嫔的身分入宫。在入宫之后，瑾嫔住在东六宫之一的永和宫，妹妹珍妃也同样的住在同为东六宫之一的景仁宫。瑾嫔在宫中并未如妹妹珍嫔一般，获得光绪帝之宠幸，相反的，她和皇后—叶赫那拉˙静芬一般受到冷落，但瑾嫔并不以为意。六年之后，两人被晋升为瑾妃和珍妃。光绪二十年（1894年），珍妃因故得罪慈禧太后，姊姊瑾妃也受到牵连而一同被降为贵人，但在隔年两人又恢复了原本的妃子位号，但珍妃却受到了监禁，而瑾妃却依然保有自由、继续住在永和宫。光绪二十六年（1900年）七月，八国联军攻入京师，慈禧太后携宫眷出逃紫禁城，瑾妃便是其中一员。在宣统皇帝溥仪登基之后，瑾妃继续住在永和宫，并被尊为兼祧皇考瑾贵妃。在宣统逊位后，上徽号为端康皇太妃，她和溥仪的关系似乎不坏，溥仪称他为皇阿娘，每遇年节还会请她一同欢庆。溥仪退位后的次年，隆裕太后崩逝，瑾妃在四大太妃的地位中有所提高，她在四大太妃中年龄最轻，思想也较开通。民国十一年，在逊清朝廷为溥仪议婚时，瑾妃支持以婉容为皇后。瑾妃在永和宫过著很有品味的生活，时常以丹青书法自娱。在永和宫的摆设中，有着数样的瓶盘盆景、上头都镶嵌著精致出色的钟表和花鸟人物，同时她也是一位美食家，经常派人到京城附近的天福号买酱肘子供她吃早餐，由于瑾妃喜爱美食，因此永和宫里的小膳房，烹饪相当地出色，逊清的王公旧臣都爱吃她赏的饭。1923年,瑾妃五十寿辰,特邀请梅兰芳等著名京剧演员入宫演戏. 民国十三年（1924年），在和溥仪及其余逊清皇室成员欢度中秋佳节后，瑾妃受了风寒一病不起，五天后因情况恶化而死在永和宫，享年五十一岁，并以端康皇贵妃的身分，下葬于光绪帝的崇陵妃园寝。谥为温靖皇贵妃。在崇陵，还有做骑马旅游生意的，只是这么点路程，并没什么人骑马，这里的马儿就悠哉悠哉了。参观完崇陵接着去看泰陵。雍正的泰陵，居于陵区的中心位置，是清西陵中建筑最早、规模最大的一座。其余各陵则分布在东西两侧。 泰陵的神道，由三层巨砖铺成，两边苍松翠柏，上南往北分布着40多项大大小小的建筑。 ([]
密桃成孰时电影
谢伊希1. 北欧极光摄影之旅 - 瑞典篇 （斯德哥尔摩) https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1944636-1-1.html2. 北欧极光摄影之旅 - 瑞典 （基律纳+ 阿比斯库）初遇极光 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1949117-1-1.html3. 北欧极光摄影之旅 - 挪威（令人伤心的特鲁姆索）：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1954266-1-1.html4. 北欧极光摄影之旅 - 挪威 （阿尔塔 + 北角）北欧大陆的“最北端”：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1960333-1-1.html5. 北欧极光摄影之旅 - 格陵兰（努克的极光）：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1973832-1-1.html 飞到格陵兰的第三大城市 伊卢利萨特， 也是我们冬季来格陵兰的最终目的地，一会儿告诉大家为什么。其实在格陵兰可以玩的项目非常多，狗拉雪橇，观鲸，直升飞机航拍，冰谷徒步，坐船看冰山但是因为气候的原因很多都不开放了。还好我已经提前在网上联系这边一家旅游公司，预定了直升飞机，徒步，和游船，不然真的是要无功而返了。首先还是要赞一下这边的酒店的服务态度，因为昨晚格陵兰航空的航班取消，北极酒店在得知消息后并没有收取我们第一天的房钱，还为我们9人提供了专车机场接送。让我们感觉到这边的人是非常友好的。在酒店询问了一下去往市区的路线，出乎我的意料，这里竟然提供免费的穿梭小客车服务，每隔一小时一班，能直接把我们放在旅行社门口，这在这里实在不用我这个领队操心了。活动项目： 1. 直升机航拍 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-1984743-pid-40351128.html 2. 冰原徒步 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-1984743-pid-40351441.html 3. 小船观冰山 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-1984743-pid-40419770.html因为当地的天气问，光线并不是很好。 很多照片缺少色彩，索性后期就修改成了黑白，或加深了色彩。 因此失去了景点画面的真实性，望大家多包涵。伊卢利萨特在格陵兰岛的西部海岸上，在北极圈以北200公里左右的地方。虽然是格陵兰第3大城市，但是却也只有4500人左右。在Kalaallisut语言里， 伊卢利萨特是冰山的意思，而伊卢利萨特冰原是这里最吸引人的景点。拍摄于北极酒店海岸，那里养了几条阿拉斯加雪橇犬 （应该是吧）， 经常一起嬉戏。红色的桥一直伸向海边，在夏天的时候可以在那里散步，不过冬天还是算了吧！ 冻个半个小时整个人都僵了。这一条阿拉斯加幼犬，估计也就是3-4个月大吧，自己在厨房门口玩雪，我摸了摸，并不怕我。"冰很好吃吗？ 你舔个没完啦？"年幼就是可爱，自己都可以和自己玩。伊卢利萨特的全景，旅游业击败了渔业成为了这里的经济脊柱！拍了一会儿，实在是受不了了，外面的寒冷加上强风，吹得我手指都没知觉了，回到酒店大厅里休息一下。酒店一层有一间餐厅，可能是因为有会议的原因，这里已经被北欧女性占领了，全都是女的！ 我把摄影装备放在了大厅的沙发上，突然间装饰柜上的牛头骨一起了我的兴趣，大家觉得这是哪一种牛类呢？对了，还没介绍酒店呢 - Hotel Arctic, 格陵兰 伊卢利萨特的北极酒店是世界上最北的4星级酒店，在伊卢利萨特机场不远处。 当时因航班延误，我前一晚的6间房间都及时取消了，当时我还夸奖格陵兰航空的办事效率，结果到了酒店才知道，这家酒店就是航空公司开的... 北极酒店有85间客房，另外在沿海处还建了5间铝制的冰屋，一会儿照片里就能看见了。酒店前台上有各式各样介绍当地旅游的宣传单，可以随时联系，不过如果你到这里的时间有限，那就必须提前安排了。我一边看着宣传单上的价格，一边喝着酒店提供的免费咖啡 （或茶），吃着甜点，补充能量。 比较着宣传单上的价格和我提前预定活动的价格，我暗暗的窃喜了一下。从酒店的窗户里就能看见远处的冰山了，没想到除了在南极，又一次看到了这么壮丽的景色。铝制的冰屋，里面是什么样子就真的不清楚了。伊卢利萨特平均气温 从夏天的+8度，到冬天的-16度，很少降雨量，所以也没有什么植物。从1990年开始这里的人口一直在4100-4500人左右，然而这个城市却有降级1万条雪橇犬。到了2月的时候就可以在冰原上玩狗拉雪橇了。狗狗们的脖子上栓了铁链，平时就在外面待着！ 这两头正对我行注目礼呢。差不多快中午了，我们吃过了午餐就可以出发了。 酒店每个小时都会发一班车去市中心，当然是免费的，就停在了离我预定的户外旅行社不远的地方，第一个项目就是直升机航拍伊卢利萨特冰原。我们坐着旅行社的车开到了机场，稍等了片刻，经过飞行员讲解了这个项目的安全须知，路线安排后就直接走到了停机坪了。直升机是只可以容纳5位游客观光，为了拍到比较清晰的照片，我自告奋勇的做到了前排。。。（后排的朋友真的对不起了！！） 一开始上升的时候，还真有点不适应，虽然不是第一次坐直升飞机，但是因为当时的风力比较大，多少还是有些不稳定。 驾驶员是个年轻的挪威人，操作起来很熟悉，人很和蔼，当然也会说英文这样交流起来就没有任何问了。驾驶舱内不同的计量表，根本看不懂，估计时时要了解的东西会非常多。很小巧的指南针方向就挂在前窗上，确实我们正在向东南方飞行。在这种直升飞机上，一定要带上耳机，不然螺旋桨的噪音会带来很大的伤害。 我带着耳机，用耳麦和驾驶员沟通，经过磋商，他同意在回程的时候，为我们在比较好看的地方多盘旋几圈。Jakobshavn Glacier 就是 伊卢利萨特冰川了。 当地人叫它 Sermeq Kujalleq， 意思是南方的冰川。 它位于伊卢利萨特的南边，包含了整个格陵兰的冰盖有6.5%的面积， 格陵兰一年之内有10%的冰山都会在这里形成。不过令人遗憾的是冰川正在慢慢向后减少，所以我们大概要飞行20分钟才能抵达那堵高大的冰墙。这个冰川的移动速度是很惊人的，差不多以 每天20米流向西边的海洋。无数的小型冰山被堵在了这个冰河里看的比较清楚了吧， 下面的冰块一片接一片的，远处也已经可以模糊的看到了那一堵冰墙。因为当时的阳光很强，所以加上冰块的反光，很难拍出效果。 所以我把以下的照片做了大量的后期处理，变成黑白或加深色彩来显示， 有失原景的真实性，请大家多包涵。偶尔也会遇到一两块大型的冰山([]
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夏尚苹09年8月9号从云南进越南,先在无趣的边境小镇河口住了一晚。 八月十号早晨七点多就到了海关，早上海关的生意很清淡，都没几个人过境去越南，进了海关大门，值勤的武警小战士很主动的上来询问，并把俺的护照拿去办公室办理过境手续并让俺在大厅坐着等待。。。。。大概七、八分钟后办公室的领导出来把俺带进了办公室，他觉得俺的护照破旧和护照内的照片有些磨损，并不断地询问俺一些问，在经过了这番那番的过程后终于办妥让我出境。 出了办公室俺就直接去边检，今天值班的是位二杠二星的中年大婶，她做事严格认真，她也觉得俺得护照好像有点问，正犹豫着要不要放我出境，就这样双方僵持着，这时办公室里的领导干部看不下去了，就出来与中年大婶商议并认为护照他们己经认真的检验过并不存在问，又经过他们内部这番那番后顺利的岀境。 出境后走在大桥上心情轻松了很多，走了一会儿就到了越南海关，进了大堂后眼前一亮，里面值勤的越南小娘们清一色的水灵娇艳，这跟大陆这边的海关反差太大了，越南海关这方面的形象工程比中国海关要略甠胜好几筹。 当我准备要入关时，接待我的越南小娘们以我没国际健康证为由拒绝我进入，不过不要紧，俺还是知道这方面状态的，马上转过身拿出三十元夹在护照内再次递给她，刚才还冷艳着的小娘们见此情景后再经双方眼神与表情的交融下终于半推半就地顺从了。。。。 双方完事后，小娘们的神态明显轻松愉悦了很多，并主动的指点俺该怎样地填入境表格（俺不识英文啊）。 填好表后顺利的入境，在进入越南老街后花五元人民币坐麾托车去火车站，准备买九点十五分由老街发车去首都河内的火车票，正当俺拿出电子词典准备把要什么样的票由中文翻译成英文给售票员看时，旁边一位会中文的越南小伙子上来主动要求帮我买车票并要给他一点小费，俺看他态度诚恳人也不坏，就把买票的这单生意交给他并给了他十元的小费，就这样花些小费大家皆大欢喜，十元钱对他来说是笔不错的收入，对我来说十元钱买了个轻松自在。 在候车室等了二十分钟后上车，俺买的是坐位，花了八万八千越南盾，这里的火车要比国内的窄，一排只有四个座位，而且车速很慢，就这样晃晃悠悠的坐了十二小时后终于到了河内，下了火车熟门熟路地去老地方找旅馆安颊住下。 从越南边境老街开往首都河内的火车上在火车上的越南小妹上午去河内还剑湖周围转,和上次一样,行走的漫无方向上午去河内还剑湖周围转,和上次一样,行走的漫无方向然后去了河内市剧院,这是个法国建筑,超喜欢........然后去了河内市剧院,这是个法国建筑,超喜欢........剧院旁边的小吃摊中饭后去了几家画廊，基本都是西洋油画，有二家的作品越南味比效重很喜欢，其中一家允许我拍摄，就匆忙的拍了几张。。。。吃完快餐后去了几家画廊，基本都是西洋油画，有二家的作品越南味比效重很喜欢，其中一家允许我拍摄，就匆忙的拍了几张。。。。欣赏完画后就继续围着还剑湖走，看到一个饮品小摊，尝了下鲜榨果汁用杯子旁边的这种水果榨好了一杯，5000盾，相当于2元人民币\很多人在喝在聊暍完后去湖边。。。。树荫下的小妺午饭这是耶汁混入各类水果和豆类后再加冰沙的饮品,非常可口,一杯卖一万越南盾.走过一条狗肉街当地平民晚上消费的场合和他们一起来干上几杯吧晚上十一点多人行道上的小吃摊。。。很后现代的地儿中午乘车再去老甜品店，途中路过的老教堂这家甜品店的店面与甜品这家甜品店里经常有秀色可餐的城中小女生混迹于此 在河内呆了几天后乘夜班巴士去顺化，第二天早上到了顺化，在旅馆补了个觉后下午去了THANH TOAN廊桥，再去它旁边的村庄去看看.......顺化市城乡结合处的小湖泊THANH TOAN廊桥在廊桥内休息的老人廊桥内的供奉和功德箱THANH TOAN廊桥THANH TOAN廊桥桥顶桥下的水中莲.....([]
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张冰旺Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, ";Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
曰产区二区三区四区高清
张瑞桂终于下决心开贴了，这次旅行回来已经一年多了，最近事情比较多，自己也对码字很头疼，今天浏览一番去年的旅游照片，再不写点东西，有些事情的细节可能就会遗忘了。 喜欢旅游的人，对欧洲是很向往的，10多年之前已经去过二次，一次是单位的福利，走马观花的15天10多个国家，稀里糊涂的就结束了旅行。第二次是陪老妈跟旅行团去的，摆脱不了上车睡觉，下车尿尿，景区拍照，回来啥也不知道的结局。现在岁数大了，有时间国内国外的到处走走看看，这几年也走过不少地方，感觉欧洲还是值得再次深度旅游。 要想玩的好，那绝对不能跟旅游团，自己去的话，行程安排就是个头疼的事情，欧洲那么大，几乎每个角落都有可看可玩的地方，放弃任何地方都是可惜的事，一次玩遍欧洲的话，是件很费力的大事。对着地图研究了很长时间，分两次玩遍欧洲是最好的选择，一次是从最南边的土耳其开始，一路北下，贯穿欧洲到最北边的北极圈。一次是以欧洲中部为主由东到西的环游，每次时间计划在60天左右。 游遍欧洲的旅游计划行程确定好了，让老婆选择先行路线，最后确定先走环游欧洲路线，交通工具是在德国法兰克福租车自驾。 路线确定下来，下面就是证买机票订旅店和租车，这些事情，有很多贴写的很详细，我就不再啰嗦，值得重点说的是，我们去欧洲的机票是北京经俄罗斯中转到法兰克福，已经到了俄罗斯了，为何不办一个俄罗斯过境，顺道去俄罗斯玩一次。申请德证完成后，又成功申请了俄罗斯二次过境证，每次不超过72小时。最后的行程是这样的： 北京出发,法兰克福进出，飞机在莫斯科经停,顺路先去俄罗斯的圣彼得堡.然后到德国的法兰克福,在法兰克福租车，先去海德堡,维尔茨堡，走一段古堡之路，主要游览德国南部众多的古堡和小镇。随后到达布拉格，游玩东欧匈牙利,捷克,斯洛伐克三国。后进奥地利维也纳。再反走阿尔卑斯之路，沿途欣赏色彩浓郁的阿尔卑斯山风光,在起伏平缓的丘陵地带，峻峭的山峰、绿色的森林、古老的乡村、浪漫的山谷,还有迷人的”世界最美乡镇”之称的哈尔施塔特.随后再次进入德国，重温有浓郁色彩的德国小镇和德国巴伐利亚国王的几个皇宫。国王湖和天鹅堡是重点.紧接着就是期盼的瑞士风光，苏黎世进入瑞士，日内瓦出瑞士进入法国，去法国西南部的普罗旺斯看薰衣草，而后去法国著名海滨城市尼斯.沿途游览几个法国城市后直奔西班牙巴塞罗那，观赏马德里附近的几个古镇，流连在各个充满了伊斯兰和古罗马风味的特色城堡。最后去这次的最远端葡萄牙的里斯本。返程途中游览法国西北部海滨城市和卢瓦尔河谷。取道卢森堡到达科隆，走莱茵河谷经科布伦茨到美因茨后回到法兰克福还车。再飞到莫斯科玩2天，最后回北京。预计57天,自驾路线大约1万多公里。路线为：北京—莫斯科—圣彼得堡—莫斯科--法兰克福--海德堡--维尔茨堡--班贝格--纽伦堡--布拉格--布拉迪斯拉发--布达佩斯--维也纳--梅尔克修道院--哈尔施塔特湖--戈绍--萨尔茨堡—国王湖--阿尔卑巴赫—阿亨湖--瓦腾斯水晶--因斯布鲁克---米腾瓦尔德--加米施-帕腾基兴---上阿玛高--林德霍夫宫--普兰湖--菲森--新天鹅堡--列支敦士登--林道--圣加伦--施泰因--苏黎世--卢塞恩--龙疆湖--因特拉肯--劳特布龙嫩--米伦—图恩湖--施皮茨--伯尔尼--马特洪峰--西庸古堡--洛桑--莫尔日--日内瓦--阿纳西--阿维尼翁--薰衣草胜地瓦郎索勒—尼斯--戛纳--马赛--艾克斯--阿尔勒--阿格德--巴塞罗那--萨拉戈萨--马德里—塞哥维亚--阿维拉--托莱多--格拉纳达--科尔多瓦---塞维利亚--梅里达---里斯本--辛特拉--法蒂玛-萨拉曼卡--布尔戈斯--维多利亚--圣塞瓦斯蒂安海滨--比亚里茨--巴约讷---波尔多---图尔--枫丹白露宫--特鲁瓦--卢森堡--科隆--科布伦茨--美因茨--法兰克福—莫斯科—北京。圣彼得堡夏宫莫斯科红场普罗旺斯看薰衣草世界最美乡镇”之称的哈尔施塔特奥地利瑞士尼斯蔚蓝海滨法国卢瓦尔河谷城堡西班牙葡萄牙 有了行程单，证就很好办，住宿我们都是在BOOKING上提前订好，基本上没有变化。租车提前2个月预定，价格有优势。 这次旅行，两个人总花费包括证在内不到8万元人民币。 出门旅游最大的消费就是交通费，我们欧洲环游是自驾，做好行程后，在网上发帖寻找旅伴，有一对绍兴夫妇与我们一啪即合，同步的申请证与订住宿，四个人完成了整个行程，这样，自驾这部分租车费，汽油费，过路费，存车费等四人均摊，费用自然降下来。 住宿费排名第二，根据各自对住宿条件的喜好程度，费用也参差不齐。我们的住宿平均55欧，基本上是中下水平。 饭费也占相当大的比例，我们自带了电饭煲和电磁炉，大部分是自己做饭。在这么长时间总吃西餐人也会疯的。自己做一些顺口的食物，即能保证营养，费用也下降不少。早餐基本上是稀饭和自带的咸菜，再煎鸡蛋或煮鸡蛋，配面包。中餐基本是自带的面包加火腿和各种涂抹料，配牛奶和果汁与蔬菜。晚餐米饭，自做的一荤一素一汤。葡萄酒每晚一瓶是必不可少的节目，牛排，猪排，鸡，鱼是晚餐的主打菜。感觉与在国内自己做菜的费用相差不大，欧洲人在吃饭上是很便宜啊。简单贴一个我们这次旅行的路线图。从图中可以看出，我们的旅行路线基本上就是中世纪神圣罗马帝国的疆域。去一个地方旅游，应该简单了解一下这些地区的历史和人文及信仰。欧洲的历史比较复杂，但从神圣罗马帝国开始就简单的多。这个神圣罗马帝国与罗马凯撒大帝时期的罗马帝国完全是两码事。神圣罗马帝国全称为德意志民族神圣罗马帝国或日耳曼民族神圣罗马帝国，与962年建立，止于1806年。这是一个松散的政治联邦，由王国、大公国、公国、侯国、宗教贵族领地和帝国自由城市组成，他们承认皇帝为最高权威，但各个王国又独立自主。皇帝由七个选帝侯选举产生。这其实就是现在欧盟的鼻祖。帝国的疆域包括近代的德国、奥地利、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡，瑞士，西班牙，葡萄牙，法国东部、意大利北部和中部。帝国的发展历史也是各诸侯国争夺皇位的历史，从15世纪初起，皇位均由奥地利哈布斯堡家族占据，查理五世（1519～1558）是最具代表性的一位君主。他们的大本营是奥地利，匈牙利和捷克斯洛伐克。进入17世纪以后，普鲁士崛起，建立普鲁士王国，随之也就带来了争霸的战争。结局是奥地利哈布斯堡家族惨败。能与神圣罗马帝国相抗衡的只有高卢人，北欧，奥斯曼帝国和欧洲大陆之外的英国。拿破仑的出现打破了这个平衡，16个神圣罗马帝国的成员脱离帝国，加入拿破仑邦联。1806年拿破仑勒令神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗朗茨二世于8月6日放弃神圣罗马帝国皇帝尊号，仅保留奥地利皇帝称号。宣告神圣罗马帝国从此退出历史舞台。1815年，拿破仑战争结束，德意志邦国被并入组织松散的德意志邦联，由奥地利领导。普鲁士新国王威廉一世和卓越的政治家俾斯麦的出现，又一次打破僵局，铁血宰相俾斯麦领导的普鲁士与哈布斯堡家族领导的奥地利展开一场为争夺霸权的普奥战争。站在普鲁士方面的，有梅伦堡、奥尔登堡和北德意志的其他各邦，以及汉堡、不来梅和吕贝克3个自由市和意大利。站在奥地利方面的，有萨克森、汉诺威、巴伐利亚、巴登、符腾堡、黑森一加塞尔、黑森一达姆施塔德和德意志邦联的其他成员国。从大邦国的数量和人口、面积来说，奥地利方面占有优势。但是，从军事实力来说，普鲁士则显然强于对方。但结局是普鲁士大胜，1866年8月23日，奥地利完全退出旧的北德意志联邦。随后的普法战争，普鲁士打败法国，普王威廉一世登基为德国皇帝，德国成为欧陆最强的大国。到此，欧洲各国的格局基本形成。现行的欧盟是不是复辟了过去的神圣罗马帝国我们不得而知，但申根条约的实施却对欧洲大陆的旅游提供了方便。第一天，行程开始。北京机场与绍兴的旅友汇合，洲际航空UN8888 北京 - 莫斯科.起飞0040,到达.0440. 总时长8小时。我们都变成了追日的夸父，由于经纬度的变化，机窗外粉红的彩带一直伴随了我们飞行的大部分时间，这是不是就是传说的永不日落的晚霞？ 准时到达莫斯科伏努科沃VKO机场，出关也很顺利。我们申请了俄罗斯过境证，机票就变为北京--莫斯科往返加莫斯科--法兰克福往返，在莫斯科中转不在同一个机场。今天我们要赶往圣彼得堡。 由于到达时间早，机场快线还没有开始，但第一班公交车611路刚好到达。语言不通，但手机里有莫斯科地铁的照片，拿给司机看，司机点头。莫斯科的公交车没有售票员，市民坐车基本都买公交卡，司机收了我们四人共100P，给一个卡。上车后，打卡才能通过类似公园大门的自动刷卡机进入车厢。来俄罗斯之前，也看过不少人写的游记，都说俄罗斯人粗野，警察也会找麻烦。在车上，小心翼翼的拿出提前打印好莫斯科地铁站名的纸片，与周围人询问下车的地方，还是有人会帮你，坐了将近一个小时，到站后，司机也喊我们该下车了。下公交车，坐红色地铁线去火车站。莫斯科的地铁致是一个红色大写的“M”字，下车后，远远就能看到。从莫斯科去圣彼得堡的火车站在莫斯科地铁红线的Комсомольской（中文叫共青团站）(红线跟环线的交叉站)站，这个站棕线上的站台很漂亮。 俄罗斯人大多数不会讲英语，去俄罗斯旅游，打印一些日常用语带在身边有很大的帮助。贴一些我找到的俄罗斯常用语。城市名字：1．莫斯科Москва 2．圣彼得堡Санкт-Петербург莫斯科景点：1．列宁墓 мавзолей ленина 2．圣瓦西里大教堂Храм Василия Блаженного 3．克林姆林宫Кремль 4．新圣女公墓Новодевичьекла́дбище5．克里姆林宫Кремль6．红场 красная площадь 7．历史博物馆 Государственный Исторический музей 8．瓦西里升天大教堂 Храм Василия Блаженного9．地下商场Охотный ряд10广场манежная площадь 11．普希金造型艺术馆 Государственный музей изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина 12．大剧院Большой Театр (Bolishoi Teatr 13．跳蚤市场Вернисаж （Vernisaj ） 14．莫斯科大马戏团 Большой московский цирк 15.新圣女修道院Hоводевечий Монастырь 16特列季亚科夫画廊Государственная третьяковскаягалерея1．十月火车站МОСКВА ОКТЯБРЬСКАЯ 2．库尔斯克火车站МОСКВА КУРСКАЯ3．雅罗斯拉夫火车站 МОСКВА ЯРОСЛАВСКАЯ 4．白俄罗斯火车站МОСКВА БЕЛОРУССКАЯ 5．地铁共青团站Комсомольской 6．圣彼得堡主火车站САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ-ГЛАВН.7．库尔斯克地铁站КУРСКАЯ 8．白俄罗斯地铁站БЕЛОРУССКАЯ9．起义广场地铁站Площадь Восстания10．游击队站（跳蚤市场）Партизанская 11．麻雀山站Воробьёвы горы12．大学站Университет 13．基督救世主教堂Храм ХристаСпасителя14．老阿尔巴特街Старая улица Арбат15．莫斯科的列宁格勒火车站： MOSKVA OKTYABR'SKAYA 16．全俄展览中心地铁站：ВДНХD．日常用语：1．地铁 метро2．入口 вход（夫货的） 3．出口 выход（威货的）4．售票处 касса5．票 билет 6．厕所 туалет（阿列特）7．谢谢 спасибо 8．对不起 извините9．火车站 вокзал；Железнодо10．公共汽车 автобус 11．退票 возврат билета.12．票数билет в Суздаль в13．时间 пожалуйста.14．银行банк（班克）15．注册就是暂住证регистрация 16．行李寄存处Камера хранения17．城际列车Пригородный поезд 18．直达谢尔盖耶夫的城际列车站Ярославский Вокзал 19．汽车站остановка 20．硬卧плацкарт, platzkart. 21．纯软卧那种мягкий22．软卧包厢купе(kupe)圣彼德堡景点： 1．彼得宫城（夏宫）Петродворец 2．普希金城（皇村）Царское Село3．巴甫洛夫斯克ПАВЛОВСК 4．克鲁泡特金地铁站Кропоткинская 5．叶卡捷琳娜宫ДворецЕкатерины 6．斯莫尔尼宫ДворецСмольный 7．滴血大教堂Спас на Крови 8．尤苏波夫宫Юсуповский дворец 9．彼得保罗要塞Петропавловская Крепость食物：1．红菜汤（罗宋汤）．Борщ 2鱼子酱Икра 3．煎饼Блины 4．烤肉Шашлык 5．克瓦斯Квас 6．三文鱼семга 7．某种红鳟鱼форель 8．少盐的слабосоленный 9．烟熏的подкопченный 10．矿泉水негазированный出地铁站首先看到的建筑。 回头看是地铁出站口。 这里有3个火车站（喀山，亚罗斯拉夫，列宁格勒），我们当时也不知道那个是去圣彼得堡的火车站，拿着打印好的纸片问旁边的警察，警察很热心的指给我们看对面。我拿出相机拍对面的火车站，把警察摄入也没有引起他的不满意。谁说莫斯科警察不好惹？ 我拍照时，一对年轻情侣过来主动要求拍照，并作出夸张的表情，与我们做友好的互动，霎时间，对莫斯科民众的那些不友好传说完全消失。 买票时得知，今天早晨去圣彼得堡的快速火车只有两趟车，现在已经没有票了，下午有一班车，只有几张剩票。赶紧掏钱买票。价格是真心贵。这就是我们不懂外文的弊病，如果能在国内提前在俄罗斯铁网上订票，不仅不会发生这样的事，价格还会便宜不少。 改变计划，先存包在火车站，在附近吃早饭，然后坐地铁去红场。 大街一角矗立着列宁的雕像。列宁是俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国（世界上第一个社会主义国家）的缔造者、布尔什维克党的创始人、十月革命的主要领导人、第一届苏维埃政府人民委员会主席。我在很小的时候就看过原苏联录制的描写列宁一生的电影----“列宁在1918”。如果没有列宁，苏联也可能会走向大部分欧洲皇家变革的君主立宪制。如果真是那样，世界的格局不知道要变成什么样子？ 莫斯科地铁票已经涨价。单次票40P。20次票540P，进入后，可以随意转车，也可以多人使用一张卡。 贴一张莫斯科地铁图和红场周围景点图。 莫斯科地铁车厢太落伍了，没有空调，上边有个小窗户开着，跑起来后声音震耳欲聋，倒是可以吹点凉风进来。中国中车可以打进俄罗斯市场，提供些现代化的车厢了。 车厢不怎么样，但地铁站太值好好看看了，索科尔站的苍穹顶、斯摩棱斯克站的圆柱式大厅、基辅站的巨大拱门大厅和巨型壁画(以十月革命为主)、白俄罗斯站的英雄群雕、诺沃斯洛波德站的民族风格壁画、普希金站诗一般的圣洁、高尔基站(现改名为特维尔站)的神韵，以及最美丽的被誉为“20世纪建筑艺术精品”的马雅可夫斯基站..... 坐地铁来到红场（Okhotnt ryad，红线，绿线，蓝线的交叉站）。红场的意思是“美丽的广场”，“红色”在俄语里包含“美丽”的意思。地面全部由条石铺成，既独特又显得古老而神圣。红场是莫斯科人的骄傲，它是莫斯科的中心广场，见证了莫斯科的历史变化。首先来到二战英雄朱可夫骑马的雕像前，他身后是国家历史博物馆。我们只有上午的一点时间，只能走马观花看看红场的外景了。 朱可夫骑马雕像的右前方是国家杜马。 国家博物馆的右边，在俄罗斯式的凯旋门前有一个蓝顶绿墙的小教堂，教堂门口有人围着的地上有个铜的圆环，这个就是莫斯科的市中心的志，站上去扔个硬币吧，据说是可以带来好运。([]
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